Environmental Sustainability Laws, Regulations, Policies and Procedures

It is important that you have a general understanding of applicable legislation and regulations as they relate to your job role in the animal care industry. You are not required to be an expert in all the laws and regulations that can be left to management. However, it is really important that you are aware of and understand the aspects of the laws and regulations that are relevant to your job so that you can remain compliant. Non-compliance may result in fines for you as an individual or for the company you work for, a loss of licence that allows the workplace to function, or, in extreme cases, be considered a criminal offence.

Watch

To better understand laws related to this topic, review the top 10 things you should know in the following video, Environmental Law: A Very Short Introduction (4:02 min).

In Australia, environmental sustainability legislation and regulation is largely administered at the State Government level, therefore there are variations between the different states and territories. However, common themes often feature in each instance of state or territory law or regulation. These common themes include:

water pollution climate change forestry, clearing of vegetation or trees mining and gas native plants and animals chemicals and pesticides farming coastal, marine and fisheries management national parks and protected areas.

Select the icon in your state or territory on the following image to locate the relevant legislation for your area. In the pop-up box, refer to the website link to view or download a copy of your local Animal Welfare, Prevention of Cruelty, Workplace, Health and Safety, or Environmental Protection legislation. Alternatively, the Australian Veterinary Association provide links to the relevant legislation and regulations for the different states and territories, which you can see by scrolling down to the 'Environmental Protection Acts' section.

Federal versus local government

When looking at legislation, there are two categories to consider:

1. Federal, state and territory government legislation
2. Local government by-laws and regulations.

Federal, state and territory government

The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act was first passed by the Australian Federal Government in 1999. This legislation oversees the protection of the environment, biodiversity conservation, sustainable land management and natural resource use in Australia.

The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 are supported in all states and territories by a number of specific state and territory government laws, such as:

• The Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (Victoria)
• Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (New South Wales)
• Environment Protection Act 1993 (South Australia).

These Acts are upheld by state- and territory-based environment protection authorities.

Local government

In addition to the federal, state and territory environmental legislation, there are local government by-laws and regulations that need to be considered.

Examples of local government by-laws

• Regional land plans
• Water management plans
• Animal control regulations
• Health, Safety and Amenity Local Law 2021 (or local laws according to where you work)
• Advertising laws
• Neighbourhood nuisances

A good example of typical local government by-laws can be found in the Adelaide Hills Council, South Australia.

The Adelaide Hills Council by-laws

• Permits and Penalties
• Moveable Signs
• Local Government Land
• Roads
• Dogs
• Cats

Now that you have started to establish your understanding of what sustainability is and the importance of legislation that supports it, it is time to look at how it is applied to the animal care industry.

There are common industry codes of practice that outline the expected procedures for environmental sustainability. The animal care industry incorporates the following six sectors:

1. Companion animal services
2. Animal control and regulation
3. Captive animal management
4. Veterinary practices
5. Wildlife rescue and rehabilitation sector
6. Animal technology.

Various industry organisations cater to one or more of these sectors. The codes of practice, policies and articles produced by these industry associations often refer to environmental sustainability because it affects all areas of animal care.

For example:

• Australian Veterinary Association - Climate change and animal health, welfare and production
• Meat & Livestock Australia – ABSF Annual Update: Australia a global leader in sustainable beef production
• Zoos Victoria - Environmental Sustainability Investment Prospectus.

Review the Case Study below from Happy Paws Animal Care Facility. The following document is an extract from their Environmentally Sustainability Industry Code of Practices information and policy. 

Workplaces have a social and, in some cases, regulatory responsibility to implement environmental sustainability policies and procedures. These policies and procedures are documented to help communicate to employees, customers and other stakeholders how the company is working to improve its practices to benefit and sustain the local environment.

Workplace policies and procedures

Workplace policies and procedures include, but are not limited to, the following five categories:

1. Energy
2. Water
3. Transportation
4. Hazardous materials
5. Waste management.

To get an idea of a workplace policy, examine the Sustainability and Environmental Policy, created for the Centre for Corporate Health to “integrate environmental sustainability into its operations, practices and decision making” (Centre for Corporate Health 2022).

Energy

Energy is the amount of ‘work’ an appliance or machine does and is measured in Joules (J). You may have heard of the term ‘energy efficient’. This term essentially means to use less energy to provide the same service. The energy efficiency of household appliances is typically presented by stars. The more stars, the more energy-efficient the appliance will be.

Most appliances and machinery use electricity for energy. So, when an appliance has high energy efficiency, it uses less electricity and is cheaper to use than a similar appliance of lower energy efficiency. Therefore, it is in the best interests of a business to conserve energy use by:

• Installing energy-efficient equipment and appliances, such as washing machines and dryers. This is particularly important when working in veterinary hospital settings where laundry is frequent.
• Switching electrical equipment and devices off when not in use.
• Turning lights off when not in use and at the end of shifts.
• Installing more sustainable energy sources, such as solar panels.

Water

Water is used in many different ways within a workplace. For example in taps, toilets, showers and baths; dishwashers; evaporative air conditioners; and garden watering systems. Australia is a dry continent and drinking water must be conserved as much as possible. Working in animal care requires a lot of water to be used, such as when you are maintaining the cleanliness and hygiene of the clinic or practice or working in a dog grooming salon. You also need to consider the number of animals that are in the facility and their requirements, not only for hydration but keeping them clean. Imagine how much water is needed to wash a Great Dane!

Methods to reduce water use in the workplace include:

• Using low-flow taps or installing a restrictor or aerator
• Fixing dripping taps
• Installing taps that turn off automatically in bathrooms
• Using water-saving toilets, such as dual-flush
• Considering appliances with high water efficiency, such as:
  • A hydrobath that uses the minimum water needed per cycle
  • A hydrobath that recycles water rather than a bath or sink where all water goes down the drain
  • A double-tank hydrobath recycles water more efficiently than a single-tank hydrobath.
• Ensuring there is thermostat control on air conditioners and setting it to an appropriate temperature
• Using timing devices on automatic sprinklers so they don't operate in the heat of the day
• Installing water tanks or using bore water for gardens, washing machines and toilets
• Using energy- and water-efficient washing machines (washing machines are an integral appliance in animal care where towels and blankets provided at the clinic need to be washed and dried to adhere to hygiene practices)
  • Considering the size of the loads you are washing (you should not run a full cycle for three small hand towels, but rather wait until you can fill the machine and then run the washing cycle).

Transportation

The workplace may offer a transportation or delivery service as part of its operations or receive regular deliveries from transport companies. In addition to work-related transport needs, employees also use private transport methods for commuting to and from work. Often, employees commute in a car by themselves.

Ways to improve environmental sustainability regarding transportation include:

• Regular fleet maintenance
• Using cleaner fuels
• Encouraging staff to carpool, use public transport or cycle where possible.

Hazardous materials

Animal facilities use materials that can pose a considerable hazard to employees, the general community and the environment. Often, the use of these hazardous materials can’t be avoided. However, measures can be taken to ensure their impacts are minimised. The use and disposal of hazardous materials is regulated by Local and/or State Governments, and workplaces must comply with the requirements or face fines and other ramifications.

Examples of hazardous materials include:

• Corrosive chemicals (undiluted)
• Petrol and oil products
• Biological products – for example, carcasses, infectious tissue, faeces and contaminated bedding
• Clinical waste – for example, sharps, bandages and swabs.

As you will have already learnt, creating a clean and hygienic work environment is essential, especially when working with animals in any veterinary clinic. You must ensure you are using safe cleaning products around people and animals that can kill unwanted pathogens (any microbe that causes disease and that can be spread). The clinic may want to consider swapping their cleaning products for equally effective yet biodegradable ones. These products are less likely to contain dangerous and damaging disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite (Shaw 2015).

Waste management

All workplaces generate waste of some kind. Waste management is collecting, transporting, processing, recycling or disposing, and monitoring waste materials. A well-made waste management plan should include all waste control elements, including collection, transportation, processing, recycling and/or disposal of waste products. All industry sectors can improve their waste management by responsibly using resources and disposing of waste. However, not everything needs to end up in a landfill.

Watch

Watch the following video (1:36 min) where Melbourne Zoo’s Sustainability Manager explains their 3-bin waste system as part of achieving their goal of zero waste to landfill.

The American Veterinary Medical Association worked with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to formulate good management practices to tackle pharmaceutical waste. Review the following video, The AVMA’s tips on how to dispose of pharmaceutical waste, for some great information that could be used in your animal care workplace.

The six Rs

Workplaces should consider the implementation of the ‘Six Rs’ to help reduce their waste production:

1. Rethink – Consider whether the item needs to be used at all or if an alternative item or process could be used.
2. Refuse – Stop buying items that are not needed or are unethical or unsustainable in their production.
3. Reduce – Change processes to limit the consumption or use of certain items.
4. Reuse – Replace single-use items with reusable options where possible; try to find ways to repurpose single-use items before disposal.
5. Repair – Where possible, repair damaged items or equipment before replacing them. When replacement is necessary, try to find more efficient, durable and sustainable options.
6. Recycle – Sort items appropriately for collection and recycling, when items are not sorted correctly, the entire batch may end up in landfill instead of being recycled (Mridul 2021).

With increased costs for handling waste and overflowing landfills, waste reduction is now a necessary option. Considerable waste created by any business can be recycled. Using the appropriate bins is a step in the right direction to minimising landfills.

Here are a few additional waste reduction techniques that can benefit every business and the environment:

• Conduct a waste assessment. Looking into what your business purchases and throws away will tell you the types of waste your facility generates. This information will help you identify the items that can be recycled or composted and where changes can be made to the items purchased.
• Implement a recycling or composting program.
• Purchase recycled products.
• Send packaging back to suppliers.
• Use reusable cleaning cloths, bandages and napkins.

X-rays are common in the animal care industry, especially in veterinary practice. Most X-rays are printed. However, with emerging technology, X-rays can now be viewed digitally. Consider switching to digital radiography over conventional film-based X-rays, which use hazardous chemicals and film that can’t be recycled and will end up in landfill (Shaw 2015).

In addition to these practices, you may wish to consult with government associations to help support your business in the movement towards a sustainable approach. In some cases, financial support may be available to help with the cost of transferring products to adhere to sustainable practices.

As you are just starting in the industry, you have an opportunity to undertake training in your workplace. Taking initiative is always one way to show your dedication to the job, and seeking additional training for sustainability may be a good way to start. There may be opportunities to engage in professional development workshops where you can obtain information on creating a sustainable workplace. The information you learn should be shared with those working with you.

Watch 

The next couple of videos explain in some detail about the 6 R's. 

Let’s look at the following case study. This case study has been created to enhance your understanding of how changes in practices can be made to support the animal care workplace towards the movement of sustainable practice.

Each month, the team at Noah’s Ark Veterinary clinic engages in a team meeting. The meeting agenda for this month is on the topic of sustainability. Steve and Debbie have brought the team together to discuss the following:

• Current practices they have in place.
• Suggestions for future sustainable practices.
• Advantages and disadvantages (pros and cons).
• Cost involved.
• Are they working?

The following diagram outlines the current sustainable practices the team have in place.

During the meeting, Debbie and Steve asked the team to brainstorm some of the pros and cons of the current processes they have in place. The following table outlines the pros and cons of the team's current sustainable practices. In addition to these pros and cons, solutions for the cons were identified where possible.

Current practice	Pros	Cons	Solution
Carpooling	Minimises the need to sit in traffic. One less car on the road. Helpful for those who do not have a license or car.	Not all staff live in the same area to carpool; it only works for some, not all. Opposing shifts may cause logistical problems.	Where possible, alter shifts to encourage carpooling. Encourage the use of bikes by introducing a bike rack to chain the bike to when arriving at work. Provide showers and lockers for staff who ride, walk or run to work.
Skylights	Provide natural lighting. Minimises the need to use electricity. Cost-effective: reduce the cost of electricity bills. Natural heating with the sun in cooler months.	Difficult to keep clean. Can see any debris, dust, and dead insects. Can cause additional unwanted heating in the warmer months. A limited number of skylights were installed throughout the practice.	Research and arrange quotes for local skylight installers to determine the cost of adding more skylights to the practice. Possibility of using skylights with windows to open and close where possible instead of relying constantly on the air conditioning.
Recycling	The whole team are on board with this program. All paper, cardboard and boxes are recycled. The cat litter purchased is made from recycled materials; the staff also recommend the purchase of this cat litter to clients. Appropriate bins have been provided and clearly labelled to support recycling.	We need more sustainable practices around the use of films for X-rays. These are currently used and discarded. We need more emphasis on composting, especially when using fruit and vegetables for food for some animals.	Research the process of moving towards digital X-rays rather than printed ones. This must include what software will be required and what training is needed to use the program. Introduce composting in addition to recycling. This could simply be the addition of composting drums/bins.
Washing machines and air conditioning	The machine has a decent energy rating Works effectively to keep linen clean Is not overly expensive to run Air-conditioners are effective in providing comfortable, cool temperatures in the hotter months.	The washing machine is only 5 kg and cannot hold large loads of washing. Washing takes longer because the machine is a smaller size. Air-conditioning is possibly run when it is not needed.	Upgrade to a larger washing machine to enable larger loads of washing to be carried out simultaneously to minimise water waste. Ensure the new machine has a high-quality star rating for energy efficiency. Set the air conditioning system to a timer where it will stop once the room has reached a suitable temperature and kick on when the temperature changes.

The team worked together to brainstorm new ideas that had not yet been considered for sustainable practice. These ideas were carefully considered in terms of cost and the time required to implement the new procedures. Areas where extra research is needed before clear goals can be established were identified, and discussed contacting local environmental personnel for advice on moving forward.

Debbie and Steve displayed these new goals on the whiteboard in the staff area where the team could add to them should ideas come to mind. These suggested goals will be reviewed at the next team meeting.

The starting goals for new sustainable practices have been illustrated in the following diagram.

• Biodegradable chemicals
• Switch to LED lighting
• Staff training on additional sustainable practice
• Paperless records - moving to digital
• Stock eco-friendly supplies
• Engage with government organisations

Knowledge check

Complete the following questions.