Provide basic first aid to the animal

Submitted by coleen.yan@edd… on Tue, 05/21/2024 - 13:31

Providing basic first aid to an animal involves several fundamental steps to stabilise its condition and minimise harm before professional veterinary care can be accessed. Here are the key fundamentals:

Watch

The next video is from Bondi Vet showing how a dog has been provided first aid after being attacked by burglars. 

Sub Topics

Picture of first aid for a dog by bandaging the leg

Once you have assessed the physical condition and vital signs of the animal, you can decide which first aid techniques are appropriate for the situation.

If an animal requiring first aid is brought to you at your workplace, you should have all the relevant equipment easily available. However, in the field, you may need to be creative. It may be a good idea to carry an animal first aid kit with you when you are out and about so that you can be better prepared in case of an emergency. The following list outlines some key items that you should include in your first aid kit.

First Aid Kit Checklist:

  • Slip lead × 2
  • Disposable gloves$
  • Clippers/shearers
  • Thermometer
  • Sterile rinse solution (saline) (wound wash)
  • A towel or blanket to use as a stretcher
  • Gauze swabs
  • Stretchy bandage
  • Bandage scissors (blunt ended)
  • Tweezers
  • Tick tweezers
  • Hand sanitiser
  • Non-stick sterile wound dressing
  • Splinting items, a ruler, for example
  • Self-adhesive tape, including packaging tape
  • Conforming bandage (stretchy gauze)
  • Foil blanket
  • Antiseptic wipes
  • Cotton wool
  • Box or cat cage – you can store all items neatly in it and use for transporting of animals.

Basic animal first aid techniques

A dog cut in one paw

Basic first aid, whether it is for native animals, domestic animals, or people, is very similar. By applying the basic first aid treatment principles, you might be able to save an animal's life. Remember, though, that first aid does not treat animals. It just maximises the chance of survival until a vet can attend the animal.

Recall the seven principles of first aid:

A diagram depicting seven principles of first aid
  1. Preserve life
  2. Prevent deterioration
  3. Promote recovery
  4. Take immediate action
  5. Calm the situation down
  6. Call for medical assistance
  7. Apply the relevant treatment.

There are many different first aid techniques you can use. The techniques you choose will depend on the situation and your physical condition and vital sign assessment of the animal.

There are several first aid practices you may become aware of at your clinic or animal care workplace. Speak to your supervisor to determine and understand workplace specific procedures relating to first aid.

Case Study

Happy smiling young golden retriever dog under light gray plaid. Pet warms under a blanket in cold winter weather. Pets friendly and care concept.

At Happy Paws Animal Care, Max, a 5-year-old Labrador, was brought in with a severe cut on his paw pad after stepping on broken glass in the yard. The wound is bleeding heavily, and Max appears distressed, whimpering and limping. The team needs to follow the seven principles of first aid to ensure Max receives immediate care in a safe, effective manner.

First Aid Principle

Application in this scenario 
1. Preserve Life The priority is to address Max’s immediate needs and prevent excessive blood loss. Alice, the lead attendant, stays calm and reassures Max while gently restraining him to assess the wound and stop the bleeding.
2. Prevent Deterioration Alice applies firm pressure to the wound using a clean cloth to control bleeding. She instructs a colleague to gather first aid supplies and a muzzle to ensure everyone’s safety, as Max may react from pain.
3. Promote Recovery Alice wraps Max’s paw with a sterile dressing, carefully securing it without cutting off circulation. This initial bandage will keep the wound clean until Max can be assessed by the on-call veterinarian.
4. Provide Comfort Throughout the process, Alice uses a soothing voice to keep Max calm. She strokes his back and speaks to him reassuringly, reducing his stress and helping to keep him still for treatment.
5. Reassure Alice explains to Max’s owner, Ms. Harper, that he is in good hands and outlines the care steps taken. She also assures Ms. Harper that the on-call vet will be arriving soon to provide further assistance.
6. Assess the Situation Alice quickly assesses Max’s vital signs—his breathing rate and pulse—to ensure there are no additional signs of shock. She observes his behaviour and level of pain to determine if there are any other underlying injuries.
7. Protect Yourself and Others The team uses gloves to avoid contact with blood and keeps Max in a separate treatment area to avoid startling other animals. Alice places a soft muzzle on Max to ensure everyone’s safety as they work on his injury.

Communication and Record Keeping

Once Max is stabilised, Alice contacts the vet, giving a thorough description of the injury and first aid provided. She also completes an incident report, noting the time, nature of the injury, and the steps taken. This record ensures continuity of care and provides valuable information for future reference.

Sample Incident Report for Max

Incident Report
Animal Name: Max
Species/Breed: Dog / Labrador
Incident Date/Time: [Insert Date & Time]
Injury Description: Laceration on front paw pad, moderate blood loss
First Aid Administered: Pressure applied to stop bleeding, sterile dressing applied
Observations: Calm behaviour; no additional signs of trauma or shock
Staff Involved: Alice Smith
Follow-Up: Vet assessment required

This scenario highlights the importance of first aid principles to provide timely and effective care. By following these principles, Happy Paws staff were able to help Max through an emergency calmly and safely, protecting both the animal and the caregivers.

However, in this module, we will focus on five of the most common basic techniques that you are likely to use:

  1. Check and clear airways
  2. Control bleeding
  3. Minimise the impact of shock
  4. Immobilise limb injuries
  5. Apply water for burns and heatstroke.

Check and clear airway

A dog breathing through an oxygen mask

Oxygen is critical for survival. If an animal can’t breathe effectively, it will likely die within a few minutes.

If at any point you are concerned the animal isn’t breathing well, for example you can hear gasping or bubbling sounds as they breathe, check its airway to ensure there is no obstruction (something blocking the airway). If you see something, you will need to remove the obstruction to clear the airway and give the animal the best opportunity to breathe.

To check and clear the airway:

  1. Position yourself on one side of the animal
  2. Place one hand across the top of the animal's muzzle and slide your thumb and index finger gently into the mouth, between the teeth.
  3. As the top and bottom teeth separate, insert the pointer finger of your other hand between front incisor teeth, apply pressure to bottom jaw and tongue to open the mouth fully.
  4. Look inside your mouth and as far down the throat as you can.
  5. If necessary, use a sweeping motion with your pointer and middle fingers across the tongue to remove excess saliva.
  6. If you see an obstruction and can clearly see the entire object (in other words from start to finish), you can use your fingers or tweezers to remove the object carefully. When using tweezers, be extremely cautious in case you injure the mouth or throat. If the object is too far in or you cannot see how far down it goes, do not attempt to remove it. Removing obstructions like this may cause further injury or bleeding. Immediately take the animal to a vet.
  7. If you have access, administer oxygen. This can be done by simply holding the oxygen tubing close to the animal’s face – fly-by O2. You can also use an oxygen face mask, hood or tent for a more direct delivery of oxygen.

 

      
    Watch

    Watch the following video, 'How to Help a Choking Dog’ (3:03 min), which demonstrates how to check and clear the airways of a choking dog.

     
    Reading

    Read the article, ‘First aid for pets struggling to breathe’, to learn about what to do if an animal is having difficulty breathing.

     

    Control bleeding

    A sick dog is being bandaged by a veterinarian. The pet is lying on a white table with a bloody paw. Help the animal. Close-up of a dog's paw bandaged with blood Help the animal..

    If you see blood, check the animal for wounds. Where blood is oozing or only dripping slowly, such as from a graze or a scratch, clean the wound and apply a clean dressing or bandage.

    The following steps will assist you if you have an animal that is bleeding and require attention: 

    • Stay calm and assess the situation 
      • Approach the animal slowly and carefully, ensuring your safety as animals in pain may bite or scratch.
      • Observe the severity of the bleeding and locate the source.
    • Apply pressure to control the bleeding 
      • Use a clean cloth, gauze, or dressing and press gently but firmly over the wound.
      • Maintain a steady pressure until the bleeding slows. Avoid lifting the cloth to check too often, as this can disrupt clotting.
    • Elevate the wound (if possible)
      • If the wound is on a limb, gently elevate it above the level of the heart to slow bleeding, but only if this does not cause the animal distress.
    • Bandage the wound
      • Once the bleeding has slowed, keep the pressure in place by securing a bandage or dressing over the wound.
      • Wrap it firmly but not too tightly, as excessive pressure can restrict blood flow.
    • Watch for continued bleeding 
      • If blood soaks through the bandage, apply additional layers without removing the existing bandage to avoid disturbing clotting.
    • Treat for Shock (If Necessary)
      • Keep the animal calm and warm by covering it lightly with a blanket.
      • Monitor breathing and keep the animal as still as possible.
    • Seek Veterinary Assistance
      • Once the bleeding is under control, transport the animal to a vet as soon as possible for further treatment.
      • Call ahead to inform the vet of the situation so they are prepared to act upon arrival.

     

    Watch

    Review the video ‘Direct digital Pressure’ (1:59 min) to learn how to apply direct digital pressure to a minor bleed.

    Video transcript

    Direct digital pressure (2:00 min)

    Title slide: ‘Otago Polytechnic School of Veterinary Nursing’

    Slide text

    First aid: Direct digital pressure (used for minor wounds

    IMPORTANT

    Before approaching assess the animal’s demeanour

    If you are unsure consider applying a muzzle

    [Video shows dog’s left-hand paw with several spots of blood on it]

    You will be using your fingers (digits

    To put direct pressure on the wound

    [Video shows gloved hand and three middle fingers putting pressure on the bloodied spot on dog’s paw

    Notice the nurse is wearing gloves

    This helps reduce the risk of contamination

    [Video shows ungloved hand putting pressure on the same wound]

    You can still apply pressure if you don’t have gloves

    Try to make sure your hands are clean though

    [Video shows a gloved hand applying a piece of cloth over the wound and applying light pressure]

    You can also use a swab

    Or a clean household cloth

    Apply pressure for up to 15 minutes

    Minor bleeding should clot in that time

    [Video shows gloved hand slightly pinching together the paw wound with nail and forefinger]

    You can also pinch the edges together

    Again hold for up to 15 minutes

    What if there’s glass in the wound?

    [Video shows gloved thumb and forefinger lightly pinching same dog’s paw wound together]

    Use the pinch method

    leave the glass in the wound

    Or apply a pad either side of the glass

    And bandage around the glass

    IMPORTANT

    [Video shows original image of dog’s bloodied paw]

    This technique is only useful for minor wounds

    if blood flow is heavy or spurting use a pressure bandage

    Don’t remove any foreign objects (like glass) form the wound

    it might be preventing arterial bleeding

    Avoid putting pressure on a foreign object

    you might push it further in

    Minor bleeding should stop within 15 minutes,

    if it hasn’t consider a pressure bandage

    Make sure the animal is seen by the veterinarian

    even for minor bleeding (could be complications)

    Thanks To

    Hannah as the Nurse

    Fin as Himself

    Animal injuries simulated

    [Slide shows Otago Polytechnic Te Kura Matatini ki Otago logo]

    [End of video and transcript]

    If you see blood steadily dripping or spurting, the animal is at risk of excess bleeding. Excessive blood loss is very dangerous for an animal because it means that its organs and tissues won’t receive enough oxygen or nutrients to function properly. An important step in first aid is to control bleeding – slow or stop the bleeding.

    To control bleeding of laceration on the hindlimb of a dog:

    1. Appropriately restrain the animal.
    2. Apply firm pressure to the wound for at least 3 minutes, using a clean towel, swab, dressing or bandage.
    3. If the blood soaks through the first dressing, add another. Do not remove the first dressing in case it disturbs a clot that is forming and reopens the wound.
    4. Secure the dog in the vehicle, ensuring it is adequately restrained and cannot tamper with the dressing or cause further injury to itself.
    5. Transport the animal to a vet when it is safe to do so.
    Watch

    Watch the following video, ‘Pet First Aid: How to Stop Bleeding’ (2:29 min), for some basic techniques to help stop and control bleeding.

     
    Reading

    Read the article, ‘First aid for bleeding’, to learn about what to do if an animal is bleeding.

     

    Minimise the impact of shock

    funny cat looking shocked with mouth open portrait on green background with copy space

    Shock is an emergency medical condition that is caused when the body’s ability to circulate blood efficiently is disrupted. As a result, blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs is reduced. There are several causes of shock, including blood loss, heatstroke, burns or severe infection. As with difficulty breathing or excessive bleeding, shock means that tissues and organs are not getting enough oxygen and nutrients to function effectively.

    As an animal first aider, to minimise the impact of shock:

    1. Remain calm yourself, and try to keep the animal quiet and calm and by:
      1. Using low stress handling techniques, such as handling with a towel
      2. Keeping the animal away from noise and activity as much as possible
    2. Keep the animal warm
    3. If available, administer oxygen.
    Watch

    Watch the following video, ‘Basic Animal First Aid’ (5:51 min), which explains how to recognise and treat shock in animals.

     

    Immobilise limb injuries

    Immobilising a limb (keeping the limb still) will help prevent additional injury from occurring. Immobilisation is useful for all types of limb injury, but critical for broken bones.

    In the case of fractures or other limb injuries, most animals will hold the affected area up and will not put pressure on it. Some will place pressure on it but limp or whine or make other sounds indicative of pain.

    There are two main types of fractures.

    1. A closed fracture occurs when a bone is broken, but the skin is intact. You may notice swelling or abnormal movement of the limb.
    2. An open fracture (or compound fracture) is when a broken bone is accompanied by an open wound. The wound is often caused by the broken bone breaking through the skin.
    Immobilise the limb

    If you suspect or observe soft tissue damage or a bone fracture, and it is safe for you to do so, immobilise the limb using bandaging.

    A bandaged pigeon

    You can use the following steps to immobilise the limb.

    1. Firstly, do not pull on the limb. Do not try to straighten the limb or the broken bone. This will only cause pain and more injury.
    2. Attend to any bleeding.
    3. Try to limit the animal’s movement of and pressure on the limb. If possible, elevate the limb with a pillow, towel or suitable alternative.
    4. When transporting the animal to a vet, provide additional padding to reduce any movement while in transit.

     

    Watch

    Study the following video, ‘Dog and Puppy First Aid : Fractures’ (0:37 min), which demonstrates how to provide basic first aid for a dog with a broken bone.

     

    Reading

    Read the article, ‘First aid for broken bones’, to learn about what to do if you suspect the animal has a broken bone.

     

    Apply water

    Clean water is very useful in the basic first aid of animals. You can use water to clean the animal or area as well as to cool the animal. Water is particularly important in the first aid treatment of burns and heatstroke.

    Burns

    Burns rapidly cause soft tissue damage, typically to the skin of the animal. Burns may be caused by:

    • Fire or very hot objects
    • Electricity
    • Sunburn
    • Very hot water or steam
    • Chemicals.

    Visible signs of a burn may appear immediately or can take 12-24 hours to appear after the incident, depending on the cause and severity of the burn. The symptoms of a burn depend on the severity of the injury.

    A diagram depicting levels of skin burn

    1. First degree burns only affect the top lay of the skin. Symptoms are typically:
      1. redness
      2. pain.
    2. Second degree burns affect the top two layers of the skin. Visible signs include:
      1. red, white, or blotchy skin
      2. swelling
      3. blisters.
    3. Third degree burns affect the tissue underneath the skin and may cause nerve damage. Visible signs include:
      1. exposed tissue (missing skin)
      2. bleeding
      3. burnt areas may appear brown, red, or white (Mayo Clinic Staff n.d.).

    Regardless of the severity of the burn, cool the area immediately by:

    • Applying cool running water to the area or immerse in cool water for a minimum of 10 minutes, for example by placing the burnt area under a running tap or shower. The longer the better.
    • Applying a cool pack or cool wet compress to the area for a minimum of 30 mins. Note do not place the cold pack directly on the skin, always wrap it in a clean cloth.

    Note: use cool water, not ice. Ice can cause further damage to burnt tissue.

    Reading

    Read the article, ‘First aid for burns’, to learn about what to do if the animal is burnt.

    Another injury to consider with fire burns is the possibility of smoke inhalation. Document your concerns if you have them, so the vet can treat the animal appropriately if required.

    Heatstroke

    Recall that heatstroke is another term used for hyperthermia, which results from body temperature exceeding the normal range.

    As with applying water for burns, use cool rather than cold water. A rapid decrease in temperature will cause blood vessels to constrict, reducing blood flow, which will prevent the animal from cooling.

    To provide first aid to an animal for heatstroke:

    1. Remove the animal from the hot environment
    2. Gradually lower the animal’s body temperature using one or more of the following techniques:
      1. Apply cool water from a tap to the skin, especially around the groin, armpits and neck
      2. Place the animal under cool (not cold) running water
      3. Place the animal in front of a fan or air conditioner
      4. Move the animal to a shady or air-conditioned area
      5. Wet the area around the animal to lower the ambient temperature
      6. Assess animal's core temperature regularly (every 5 minutes) while actively cooling; keep your supervisor informed of animal’s temperature and stop active cooling techniques when advised by them.

    It is possible to cause hypothermia and the animal becoming too cold if active cooling continues, hence it is essential to be in constant communication with your supervisor.

    Watch

    Study the following video, ‘Dog first aid: heatstroke’ (6:44 min), which explains how to detect if a dog has heatstroke and what to do.

     
    Reading

    Read the article, ‘First aid for heatstroke’, to learn about what to do if the animal is suffering from heatstroke.

    Case Study

    Portrait of a blond labrador retriever dog looking at the camera with a big happy smile isolated on a white background

    Bella, a 6-year-old Labrador, was brought into Happy Paws after an accident involving a fall and subsequent exposure to extreme heat while outside. She sustained a minor cut on her leg, appeared overheated, and was having difficulty standing. Happy Paws staff quickly assessed her condition and began applying first aid, focusing on key areas: airway clearing, bleeding control, shock minimisation, limb immobilisation, and cooling for heat stress.

    Step-by-Step First Aid Response

    First Aid Technique

    Steps Taken
    Check and Clear Airways Jade, an animal care attendant, approached Bella and noticed her breathing was laboured. Jade gently extended Bella’s neck and checked her mouth for any obstructions. She carefully removed a piece of debris near her throat, allowing her breathing to stabilise.
    Control Bleeding Jade then turned her attention to Bella’s injured leg, which had a moderate cut with steady bleeding. She applied firm, gentle pressure using sterile gauze, successfully stopping the bleeding within a few minutes. Once under control, she bandaged the wound with a dressing.
    Minimise the Impact of Shock Recognising signs of shock (shallow breathing, lethargy), Jade worked to keep Bella calm and reassured her with a soothing voice. She elevated Bella’s back legs slightly and covered her with a light blanket, helping maintain body warmth and preventing further shock.
    Immobilise Limb Injuries After controlling the bleeding, Jade noted Bella’s leg seemed tender. To prevent further injury, she used a soft splint to immobilise Bella’s limb. She secured the splint with bandaging to minimise movement, keeping Bella as comfortable as possible.
    Apply Water for Burns/Heatstroke Bella showed signs of heat exhaustion due to prolonged sun exposure. Jade promptly used cool (not cold) water to dampen a cloth and applied it to Bella’s paws, belly, and neck. She then placed a fan nearby to provide gentle airflow, monitoring her temperature until it returned to normal.

    Outcome and Follow-Up

    Bella began to show signs of recovery as her temperature stabilised, her breathing improved, and her overall demeanour became more relaxed. The team ensured her injury was well-protected and monitored her closely while waiting for the veterinarian to arrive for further evaluation.

    This scenario illustrates key first aid steps and techniques to stabilise an animal experiencing multiple traumas, from airway checks and bleeding control to shock management, immobilisation, and heat stress treatment. Each step helped keep Bella safe and comfortable, allowing for a smooth transition to veterinary care.

    Tick paralysis

    Tick mite arachnid parasite insect on white dog hair. Macro shot

    Ticks are a type of ectoparasite and feed on the blood of other animals. Some species of tick can cause paralysis by injecting a toxin not the animal as they feed.

    If you find a tick on an animal during your assessment, remove it using tweezers or a dedicated tick removal device by twisting and plucking. Make sure you remove the entire tick, including the head (it often snaps off during removal). Keep the tick in a jar to have the vet positively identify it.

    Ticks will drop off by themselves once they had fed enough. Once the tick is gone, the animal may or may not show signs that it had a tick attached. If the hind legs of the animal are not coordinated, this may progress to paralysis. The animal may hyperventilate (breathe too quickly), have a change or loss of voice, have no appetite, vomit or regurgitate.

    If you suspect tick paralysis, urgently seek veterinary assistance, no matter what degree of the signs.

    While awaiting help, to manage the animal, make sure you:

    • Don’t give them any food or water.
    • “Keep the animal quiet, free from stress and excitement.
    • Keep the animal in a temperature-controlled environment” (Australian Tick Paralysis Advisory Panel, 2016).

    The size of the tick does not determine the possible severity of the outcome – both small and large paralysis ticks are potentially lethal. The tick may not be obviously visible on the animal, for example they may be located in the ear or under the lip in the gum.

    Cats with tick paralysis have several unique additional treatment considerations which are different to dogs. According to the Australian Tick Paralysis Advisory Panel (2016), they are to:

    1. Handle away from dogs to reduce stress
    2. Cats are more likely to have an anaphylactic reaction to tick antitoxin serum (TAS) than dogs
    3. Treat in a quiet, dark, temperature-controlled environment
    4. Supplement oxygen if indicated using an oxygen cage.

     

    Reading

    Review A Guide to Diagnosis, Management, Treatment and Prevention (pdf) for comprehensive information about paralysis ticks in cats and dogs.

     

    Watch 

    The next couple of videos are snippets from the Australian TV Show Bondi Vet. In these episodes they demonstrate how dangerous ticks are and some of the treatment options for the animals due to the severity. 

    Case Study

    Hungry border collie dog licking its lips with tongue looking at camera. Isolated on blue background

    Lucy, a 4-year-old Border Collie, was brought into Happy Paws by her owner, who noticed she was having trouble standing and seemed unusually lethargic. Over the past day, Lucy had begun to lose coordination in her hind legs, was weak, and her breathing sounded laboured. Staff immediately suspected tick paralysis, a common issue in Australia, especially during warmer months.

    First Aid Response

    First Aid Technique

    Steps Taken
    Initial Assessment Jade, a staff member, quickly assessed Lucy’s condition, noting her laboured breathing, drooling, and loss of coordination. Recognising the signs of tick paralysis, she prepared to act immediately to stabilise Lucy.
    Check for Ticks Jade began a thorough examination of Lucy’s body, running her fingers gently over her fur, particularly around the head, neck, and ears. She found a tick embedded near Lucy’s ear and prepared to remove it carefully.
    Remove the Tick Using tick removal tweezers, Jade carefully grasped the tick as close to Lucy’s skin as possible, pulling it out in a steady motion to ensure it was removed completely without squeezing the tick’s body.
    Monitor Breathing and Keep Calm Jade noticed that Lucy’s breathing was shallow, a symptom of respiratory distress from tick paralysis. She gently positioned Lucy on her side, keeping her calm and encouraging her to remain still.
    Apply Oxygen if Available Since Lucy’s breathing was compromised, Jade placed an oxygen mask near her nose, as Happy Paws is equipped with oxygen supplies for emergencies. The oxygen helped stabilise Lucy’s condition until further veterinary support arrived.
    Prevent Further Stress and Monitor Vital Signs Jade kept Lucy in a cool, quiet space to avoid any additional stress and monitored her vital signs closely, tracking her heart rate and breathing every few minutes. She reassured Lucy’s owner that the team was doing everything to support Lucy until she could see the vet.

    Veterinary Follow-Up

    The team contacted the local vet to prepare for Lucy’s transfer, explaining the signs of tick paralysis and first aid steps taken. Lucy was transported to the veterinary clinic for antitoxin treatment and supportive care, including ongoing respiratory support, as tick paralysis can worsen over the next 24-48 hours, even after tick removal.

    Outcome and Record Keeping

    Lucy was stabilised and responded well to treatment after receiving antitoxin and respiratory support. Staff at Happy Paws documented the incident thoroughly, noting the location of the tick, symptoms, and first aid steps taken, ensuring a clear record of her medical history.

    This scenario illustrates the critical first aid steps for suspected tick paralysis, including thorough tick checks, careful tick removal, respiratory monitoring, and stress minimisation. By acting promptly and contacting the veterinarian, Happy Paws staff provided Lucy with the best chance for a full recovery.

     

    Other first aid techniques

    Reading

    Read the ‘Initial treatment and care guidelines for rescued possums and gliders’ from the NSW Government for specific information about common first aid requirements of these Australian marsupials.

    The following table outlines some other first aid situations and the relevant procedures. Select the links to extend your knowledge.

    First aid situation Procedures Additional resources
    Tick toxicity
    • SEEK ASSISTANCE
    • Remove the tick as soon as possible
    Snake envenomation
    • SEEK ASSISTANCE
    • Immobilise the limb and the whole animal if possible
    • Seek veterinary treatment immediately
    Cardiac arrest
    • SEEK ASSISTANCE
    • Do not attempt CPR yourself
    • Seek veterinary treatment immediately
    Ingestion of toxins
    • SEEK ASSISTANCE
    • Do not attempt to induce vomiting yourself
    • Seek veterinary treatment immediately
    		  

    Transport the animal safely

    A person transporting cats with a cage

    Once you have provided first aid to the animal, you must then transport it to the veterinary facility for full treatment.

    Moving and transporting an animal is risky because it can cause injury to both the animal and the first aider if not done appropriately. Unless the animal is present at an animal clinic or hospital, you will likely need to move the animal into a vehicle, then transport it to a veterinary facility.

    In many first aid situations, the animal should not be encouraged to walk to the vehicle. They should be carried. So, remember your manual handling techniques and take care when you pick up and carry an animal. Ask for assistance to move large, heavy, awkward or aggressive animals.

    The specific techniques needed to move and transport the animal will depend on the species involved. For example, a possum could be transported in a hessian bag, while an injured horse may require a horse float. However, two key aspects to consider when transporting an injured or ill animal are:

    1. Minimising movement and providing support to reduce further injury
    2. Reducing stress.

    If possible, call ahead to make sure the veterinary facility knows you are on your way and are ready for the animal’s arrival.

    Minimise movement

    When moving the animal, motion of the head, neck, and spine should be minimized.
    Linklater A., 2020

    If you suspect spinal injury or are not confident about transporting the animal, do not attempt to move the animal until you have spoken to a vet.

    As a rough guide, if the animal weighs more than about 15 kg, ask for assistance to move them (pdsa 2020). Where possible, use a flat, firm surface, such as wood, thick cardboard or thick material, as a stretcher to provide support to the animal as you move it. It may be appropriate to strap the animal to the stretcher. X-rays will pass through most non-metallic materials, which means the animal won’t need to be moved once it arrives at the clinic or hospital (Linklater A. 2020).

    The following steps are a general guide to moving an injured animal into a vehicle. Specific situations may require different techniques.

    1. Throughout the process, talk calmly and reassuringly to the animal.
    2. Support the head, neck and back by placing one arm under their head and shoulder and the other under their pelvis. Two people may be required to lift larger animals.
    3. Slowly and smoothly, with no jerky movements, lift the animal onto the support. When choosing a stretcher, make sure it is large and strong enough to support the whole animal.
    4. Check the path to the vehicle is clear and safe.
    5. Get a firm grip on all four corners of the stretcher if you are transporting a small animal. If two or more people are required to lift the animal, make sure everyone involved has a clear understanding of their role in the process so you can work together.
    6. Bend your knees and slowly life the animal by the stretcher.
    7. Walk slowly to the vehicle trying not to jolt the animal.
    8. Place the animal in the vehicle and secure them with seatbelts, towels, or clothing to provide padding so they do not move around during transport (pdsa 2020).

    “Animals with altered mentation after trauma should be transported with the head level with the body or elevated 20 degrees. There should not be any jerking or thrashing motions, and manipulations of the neck or occlusion of the jugular veins should be avoided” (Linklater A. 2020).

    Watch

    Examine the following video, ‘Getting a dog safely in and out of the car’ (1:57 min).

    Minimise stress

    dog with surprised shock expression eyes on isolated blue background with copy space

    Ill and injured animals are at risk of shock. The additional stress of being moved and transported increases that risk. So, it is critical that you try to minimise this risk as much as possible through handling them animal as little passible and by using appropriate handling when you do. Be aware of where the pain or injuries are and do not touch the animal in that area.

    An understanding of additional stressors for specific species can help. For example, “cats can be placed in dark boxes to minimize stress during transport; the box should have holes large enough so that the cat can be observed and to allow adequate fresh air” (Linklater A. 2020).

    Wrapping or padding the animal with towels or blankets helps to keep the animal warm, reducing the impact of shock, as well as supporting them and protecting them from jolts during transport. However, consider the ambient temperature of the vehicle. You may need to turn on the heating or air conditioning to make sure the animal does not suffer hypothermia or heatstroke.

    Minimising noise (turn the radio off in the vehicle) and making it dark for the animal, such as placing the animal in a dark room or placing a cover over their box can also help reduce the animal’s stress and impact of shock. However, make sure the animal always has access to fresh air. Do not cover the animal’s head at all if they are not breathing well.

    Reading

    Review How to safely move an injured pet (pdf) for great tips on handling to avoid further injury during transportation of the patient.

    Reducing stress in animals is critical for their wellbeing, recovery, and effective handling. Strategies depend on the species, environment, and situation. Here are general and species-specific strategies:

    General Strategies 
    Minimise Noise and Sudden Movements
    • Use calm, quiet voices and avoid abrupt gestures.
    • Reduces fear and startle responses in animals.
    Provide Familiar Scents or Items
    • Use bedding or toys that smell like the animal’s home.
    • Helps comfort animals by maintaining a sense of familiarity.
    Limit Handling Time
    • Only handle animals when necessary, and ensure sessions are short.
    • Prevents prolonged stress and exhaustion.
    Create a Safe Space
    • Use crates, pens, or quiet rooms to give animals a place to retreat.
    • Promotes feelings of security and control.
    Use Positive Reinforcement
    • Reward calm behaviour with treats or praise.
    • Builds trust and reduces fear over time.

     

    Environmental Adjustments
    Control Temperature and Ventilation
    • Ensure the environment is comfortable for the species.
    • Prevents additional stress from discomfort.
    Adjust Lighting
    • Use dim lighting or natural light where possible.
    • Bright or harsh lights can stress certain animals.
    Separate from Predators or Stressors
    • Physically separate prey species from predators.
    • Reduces instinctive fear responses.

     

    Handling Techniques
    Use Species-Specific Restraints
    • Proper handling tools (e.g., snake hooks, muzzles) reduce stress during interventions.
    • Ensures safety for both the animal and handler.
    Provide Slow and Gentle Touch
    • Use steady movements and firm but gentle pressure.
    • Reassures the animal and prevents panic.

     

    Species-Specific Strategies
    Dogs
    • Use pheromone sprays or calming collars.
    • Provide regular exercise to release pent-up energy.
    Cats
    • Use Feliway diffusers or sprays.
    • Provide enclosed spaces like carriers with blankets for security.
    Horses
    • Use a calm, familiar handler and soft tones.
    • Allow the horse to see other horses to reduce isolation stress.
    Birds
    • Cover cages partially to create a sheltered area.
    • Avoid direct eye contact, which can feel threatening.
    Reptiles
    • Ensure consistent heating and hiding spots.
    • Minimise handling and maintain appropriate humidity.
    Livestock (e.g., cows, sheep)
    • Move animals in small groups, not alone.
    • Use curved raceways and non-slip flooring to guide them.
    Aquatic Animals
    • Keep tanks clean and free from overcrowding.
    • Avoid rapid water temperature or pH changes.
    Small Mammals (e.g., rabbits, guinea pigs)
    • Handle with gentle but firm support to prevent struggling.
    • Provide hiding spaces in their enclosures.

     

    Long-Term Stress Reduction
    Enrichment Programs
    • Provide toys, climbing structures, or digging opportunities.
    • Encourages natural behaviours, reducing frustration.
    Regular Health Checks
    • Address physical issues like pain or illness early.
    • Healthy animals are less likely to experience stress.
    Routine and Predictability
    • Feed, clean, and interact at consistent times daily.
    • Reduces anxiety by creating a predictable environment.

     

    Scenario Examples of dealing with Animals that are showing signs of stress

    office businessman pug dog as boss and chef , busy and burnout , sitting on leather chair and desk, telephones hanging around

    A Dog Newly Admitted to a Shelter
    • Stress Signs: Excessive panting, pacing, whining, avoiding people.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Place the dog in a quiet area away from loud noises and other animals.
      • Provide a soft blanket or toy with familiar smells.
      • Use pheromone diffusers (e.g., Adaptil) to create a calming environment.
      • Introduce the dog to a consistent caregiver to build trust.
    A Cat Visiting the Vet
    • Stress Signs: Hiding in the carrier, growling, ears flattened, rapid breathing.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Use a towel sprayed with Feliway to cover the carrier.
      • Minimise waiting time in noisy areas by taking the cat directly into a quiet room.
      • Avoid direct eye contact and allow the cat to exit the carrier on its own.
      • Use calm, soothing tones and slow movements during the examination.
    A Horse in a Trailer for Transport
    • Stress Signs: Sweating, pawing the ground, reluctance to enter the trailer.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Use a calm and experienced handler to guide the horse.
      • Load the horse with another calm companion to reduce feelings of isolation.
      • Offer hay to keep the horse occupied during the trip.
      • Drive smoothly and avoid sudden stops or sharp turns.
    A Rabbit in a New Environment
    • Stress Signs: Flattening against the ground, refusing to eat, trembling.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Provide a hiding space, such as a covered box or tunnel.
      • Minimise loud noises and sudden movements in the room.
      • Offer familiar foods and introduce new elements slowly.
      • Avoid excessive handling until the rabbit appears relaxed.
    A Bird After Being Separated from Its Mate
    • Stress Signs: Feather plucking, vocalising excessively, loss of appetite.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Place the bird's cage near other birds or mirrors to provide a sense of companionship.
      • Provide enrichment toys and foraging activities to redirect focus.
      • Maintain a consistent routine for feeding and interaction.
      • Speak to the bird in a calm voice and increase daily interaction time.
    A Snake in a Tank with Improper Humidity
    • Stress Signs: Restlessness, shedding issues, hiding excessively.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Adjust the tank’s humidity and temperature to optimal levels for the species.
      • Provide secure hiding spots and minimise disturbances.
      • Limit handling until the snake shows signs of relaxation.
    A Cow in a Crowded Holding Pen
    • Stress Signs: Bellowing, attempting to escape, refusing to eat.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Reduce the number of animals in the pen to allow more space.
      • Move the cow to a quieter area with better ventilation.
      • Introduce familiar animals or companions to reduce isolation stress.
    A Puppy During Socialisation Training
    • Stress Signs: Tucking tail, freezing, cowering behind objects.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Expose the puppy to new environments gradually and for short periods.
      • Reward calm behaviour with treats and praise.
      • Allow the puppy to approach new people or animals at its own pace.
      • Use calming aids, such as a calming collar or a pressure wrap.
    A Fish in an Overcrowded Tank
    • Stress Signs: Erratic swimming, hiding, aggression toward other fish.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Reduce the number of fish in the tank to appropriate levels.
      • Ensure proper filtration and water quality.
      • Add plants or decorations to provide hiding spots and reduce visual stress.
    An Alpaca During Shearing
    • Stress Signs: Vocalising, attempting to escape, excessive spitting.
    • Strategies to Reduce Stress:
      • Use a calm and experienced handler to reassure the alpaca.
      • Perform shearing in a familiar and quiet environment.
      • Keep the animal with companions nearby to reduce feelings of isolation.
      • Handle gently and efficiently to minimise the duration of stress.

     

    First aid assistance

    A veterinarian applying first aid care to a dog

    It is critical that you seek assistance to provide first aid to animals if you require it. A medical emergency is not the time to guess or struggle on your own. Persisting without assistance may result in further injury to the animal, or harm to yourself.

    Some reasons for seeking assistance may include asking for:

    • advice about a first aid treatment
    • advice about a specific animal such as a native animal or exotic pet
    • help moving a large or heavy animal
    • help securing or restraining an animal
    • someone to direct traffic
    • assistance with a first aid treatment you are not qualified to administer, such as CPR.

    Where to seek first aid assistance

    The type of assistance you need will depend on the emergency at hand, the species of animal and the location of the incident. For example, if the patient presents at a veterinary clinic, you will have vets and vet nurses on had to assist and give advice. However, if you are in the field or somewhere with limited access to medical supplies and equipment, you may need to rely on phone calls to professionals or the general public for assistance.

    Some examples of different facilitiy/ service assistance may include: 

    Emergency Veterinary Care
    • Provides 24/7 services for critical situations like severe bleeding, fractures, poisoning, or breathing difficulties.
    • Often includes triage, stabilisation, and intensive care for animals in critical condition.
    Surgery and Surgical Facilities
    • Includes facilities for emergency surgeries such as wound repair, fracture setting, or life-saving operations like abdominal surgeries.
    • May also involve specialised surgeons for complex procedures.
    Diagnostic Imaging Services
    • Utilises X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs to diagnose internal injuries, fractures, or foreign bodies.
    • Imaging is critical for assessing trauma or locating issues that aren’t visible externally.
    Poison Control and Toxicology
    • Specialised care for animals who have ingested or been exposed to toxic substances (e.g., medications, plants, chemicals).
    • May involve activated charcoal treatments, induced vomiting, or intravenous fluids.
    Cardiology Services
    • Provides support for animals experiencing cardiac-related emergencies, such as irregular heartbeats, heart failure, or collapse.
    • Includes diagnostic and monitoring equipment like ECG machines, as well as specialised treatment plans.
    Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
    • For animals needing constant monitoring, such as those in shock or respiratory distress.
    • ICUs are equipped with ventilators, oxygen therapy, and specialised staff to manage critical conditions around the clock.
    Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease Control
    • Addresses illnesses caused by infections or underlying medical conditions.
    • Includes treatment for zoonotic diseases and conditions requiring quarantine or isolation.
    Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
    • For emergencies involving broken bones, joint dislocations, or severe musculoskeletal injuries.
    • May include rehabilitation services for recovery, such as physical therapy.
    Anaesthesia and Pain Management
    • Provides pain relief and anaesthesia for animals in severe pain or undergoing emergency procedures.
    • Crucial for maintaining the animal’s comfort and stability during critical care.
    Ophthalmology Services
    • Emergency care for eye injuries, infections, or sudden vision loss.
    • Ophthalmologists manage cases that may require specialised procedures to preserve vision.
    Exotics and Wildlife Specialist Care
    • Veterinarians are trained to handle emergencies in exotic animals, such as reptiles, birds, or wildlife.
    • Includes knowledge of unique physiology and specialised equipment suited to various exotic species.
    Neurology Services
    • For animals with neurological issues such as seizures, paralysis, or head trauma.
    • Neurologists conduct assessments and may perform procedures such as spinal taps or brain imaging.
    Dermatology and Wound Care
    • Handles emergency skin-related issues, such as burns, severe cuts, or infections.
    • Veterinarians can clean, dress, and treat wounds to promote healing and prevent infection.
    Laboratory and Pathology Services
    • On-site labs can run tests like blood panels or toxin screens to quickly diagnose issues.
    • Pathology services may be needed to understand complex or systemic conditions.
    End-of-Life and Palliative Care
    • Provides humane euthanasia or palliative treatments for animals in severe distress or pain.
    • Compassionate care to support animals and their owners through end-of-life decisions.
    Watch 

    The next video is an explanation video of a vet service that is located in Sydney NSW. SASH (Small Animal Specialist Hospital), which is famous for being featured on Bondi Vet, is opening a new state-of-the-art facility providing 24-hour emergency care and a range of specialties. Watch the demonstration. 

     

    Qualified assistance

    Regardless of whether the incident takes place in an animal medical facility or not, you can seek qualified assistance from people who are trained in animal medical care. If they are available in person, such as the vet doing routine health checks in a stable, speak to them directly. They will be able to provide you with both verbal advice and hands-on assistance if you require it.

    If no qualified staff are present, you can simply call them. A mobile phone is a critical piece of equipment for first aid. People you can call in an emergency include, but are not limited to:

    • your supervisor
    • a veterinary
    • an animal hospital
    • a registered wildlife carer or care facility
    • rangers
    • state and local government emergency services
    • animal welfare bodies and support facilities.

    Who you should call will depend on the specific situation. It’s a good idea to keep relevant numbers on speed dial and/or attached to your first aid kit for easy reference. Remember, that if you are travelling to a new location, look up and record the animal emergency numbers specific to that area before you leave. It will save precious time should you need to contact any of them. Phone numbers for local wildlife rescue and care facilities are often displayed on road signs.

    A road sign showing a hotline nuber for injured wildlife

    At the very least, you will need to notify the animal medical facility that you will arrive with a patient and provide them with the specific information relevant to the situation. Every animal must be attended by a veterinary following first aid treatment, regardless of the type of emergency.

    Animal emergency network contact details

    Australian map with australian outback scene inserted

    There are many different animal care facilities across Australia that make up the animal emergency network. It is important to be familiar with the emergency care facilities in your local area. The following table described the five main types of animal emergency network organisations and includes an example of each type.

    Animal emergency network Description Example
    Veterinary services During business hours, all veterinary clinics will provide advice for first aid emergencies and receive emergency patients if they are equipped for the species and specific emergency. Kings Road Veterinary Surgery
    Phone: (07) 4772 4189
    After Hours: 0455 420 807
    Shop 3, 36 - 48 Kings Road, Hyde Park, QLD, 4812
    https://kingsroadvetsurgery.com.au/ 
    Emergency and after-hours veterinary clinics These clinics specialise in emergency treatments and are staffed outside of normal business hours, sometimes 24-hours a day Perth Vet Emergency
    Phone: 1300 040 400
    Unit 3, 162 Wanneroo Road, Yokine, WA, 6060
    https://pve.net.au/
    Wildlife rescue and care facilities Many normal veterinary clinics are not equipped to care for wildlife. Wildlife rescue and care facilities and registered wildlife carers are trained and experienced with the specific care needs of Australian wildlife NSW Wildlife Information Rescue and Education Service (WIRES)
    Wildlife Rescue Line: 1300 094 737
    https://www.wires.org.au/contact/contact-us 
    Animal welfare bodies and support facilities Animal welfare bodies provide advice and guidance regarding breaches of the animal welfare principles. You may need to speak to one regarding an animal you suspect of being abused or neglected RSPCA South Australia
    24-hour hotline: 1300 477 722
    https://www.rspcasa.org.au/
    State and local government emergency services relevant to animal incidents State and local governments have emergency phone numbers to report animal incidents or call for emergency services relating to animals. Wildlife Victoria – report a wildlife emergency form
    https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/wildlife-information/report-a-wildlife-emergency 

    Veterinary clinics are quite common in urban areas and medium to large rural towns but may be rarer in remote areas. Wildlife rescue organisations tend to be state- or territory-based. Some examples of wildlife rescue centres include:

     

    Here are some examples of qualified veterinary services across Australia that people can call in case of an animal emergency. These services offer various types of emergency and specialised care:

    Animal Emergency Service (AES)
    • Locations: Brisbane, Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast, and surrounding areas in Queensland
    • Services: 24/7 emergency and critical care for pets, with advanced diagnostics, surgery, and ICU facilities.
    • Contact: 1300 838 868
    • Website: aes.org.au
    Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre (MVSC)
    • Locations: Glen Waverley and Essendon, Victoria
    • Services: Emergency and critical care, surgery, oncology, and internal medicine. MVSC offers specialist services and emergency care in a dedicated 24-hour facility.
    • Contact: (03) 9887 8844
    • Website: melbvet.com.au
    Small Animal Specialist Hospital (SASH)
    • Locations: Sydney, Central Coast, and Adelaide
    • Services: 24-hour emergency care, internal medicine, surgery, neurology, and cardiology, among others. SASH provides extensive specialist and critical care services.
    • Contact: Sydney (02) 9889 0289, Central Coast (02) 4311 1311, Adelaide (08) 8371 0333
    • Website: sashvets.com
    University of Sydney Veterinary Teaching Hospital
    • Location: Camperdown, New South Wales
    • Services: Emergency services, specialist care, and diagnostic imaging, with 24/7 emergency care and access to experts in various fields.
    • Contact: (02) 9351 3437
    • Website: sydney.edu.au/vetscience
    Adelaide Animal Emergency & Referral Centre (AAERC)
    • Location: Norwood, South Australia
    • Services: 24-hour emergency care, internal medicine, surgery, and critical care, with specialised equipment and staff.
    • Contact: (08) 8371 0333
    • Website: aaerc.com.au
    Perth Veterinary Specialists
    • Location: Osborne Park, Western Australia
    • Services: Emergency care, surgery, oncology, and more, with a 24-hour emergency centre and a team of specialists.
    • Contact: (08) 9204 0400
    • Website: perthvetspecialists.com.au
    Animal Referral Hospital (ARH)
    • Locations: Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney
    • Services: Emergency, critical care, internal medicine, surgery, oncology, and more across multiple locations. ARH operates as a 24/7 emergency service.
    • Contact: Brisbane (07) 3172 0593, Canberra (02) 6280 6344, Melbourne (03) 9379 0700, Sydney (02) 9758 8666
    • Website: arhvets.com
    University of Queensland Veterinary Medical Centre
    • Location: Gatton, Queensland
    • Services: Emergency services, intensive care, surgery, and access to veterinary specialists in a teaching hospital setting.
    • Contact: (07) 5460 1788
    • Website: gatton.uq.edu.au
    Pet Emergency & Specialist Centre (PESC)
    • Location: Malvern East, Victoria
    • Services: 24-hour emergency and critical care, surgery, internal medicine, and rehabilitation services.
    • Contact: (03) 9569 3677
    • Website: petemergency.com.au
    Northside Emergency Veterinary Service (NEVS)
    • Location: Terrey Hills, Sydney, New South Wales
    • Services: 24/7 emergency services with advanced critical care, diagnostics, and experienced emergency veterinarians.
    • Contact: (02) 9452 2933
    • Website: nevs.net.au
    Activity – your local animal emergency network

    Research the contact details for the following types of emergency animal care facilities. Record the information in your phone, on a card in your car or attach it to your first aid kit.

    Animal emergency network Name of local organisation Phone number Physical address Website URL (if applicable)
    Veterinary clinic A        
    Veterinary clinic B        
    After hours/emergency veterinary clinic A        
    After hours/emergency veterinary clinic B        
    Wildlife rescue and care A        
    Wildlife rescue and care B        
    Animal welfare body A        
    Animal welfare body B        
    Local government animal incident emergency services        

    Unqualified assistance

    You can also seek assistance from unqualified people, such as the owner of the animal or even people passing by. However, you would not seek advice from unqualified people. Rather, you would ask for physical assistance with handling or providing first aid to the animal.

    Why can this be an issue? 

    1. Administering Medications Without Veterinary Approval

    • Giving human or over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen, paracetamol, or aspirin to animals can be toxic and lead to serious health issues.
    • Using antibiotics without understanding the appropriate dose can lead to antibiotic resistance or adverse reactions.

    2. Improperly Bandaging or Splinting Injuries

    • Applying a bandage or splint too tightly or incorrectly can cut off circulation or worsen an injury.
    • Using unsterile materials leads to infection or additional complications.

    3. Forcing an Animal to Eat or Drink

    • Attempting to feed or water an animal in shock, unconscious, or in pain can increase the risk of choking or aspiration.
    • Ignoring that some animals should not eat or drink before certain treatments or surgeries could complicate their condition.

    4. Inappropriate Handling or Restraint Techniques

    • Handling an injured animal without knowledge of safe restraint can lead to bites, scratches, or worsening of injuries.
    • Using excessive force or incorrect restraint methods, causing unnecessary stress, pain, or further physical harm.

    5. Improperly Cleaning Wounds

    • Using harsh substances like alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or iodine directly on wounds without dilution can cause tissue damage.
    • Not cleaning wounds properly leads to an increased risk of infection.

    6. Attempting to Relocate or Move Severely Injured Animals

    • Moving an animal with suspected fractures, spinal injuries, or internal trauma without proper stabilisation or support can exacerbate injuries.
    • Not using proper lifting techniques leads to additional injury to both the person and the animal.

    7. Providing Respiratory Assistance Incorrectly

    • Attempting CPR or artificial respiration without training can cause injury or be ineffective.
    • Misunderstanding the specific requirements of CPR for different species potentially leads to harm rather than aid.

    8. Using Inappropriate or Dangerous Tools for Restraint

    • Using makeshift equipment (e.g., broom handles, ropes) instead of proper restraints leading to injury or stress.
    • Using collars, harnesses, or other equipment incorrectly, potentially causing harm or restricting breathing.

    9. Misjudging the Severity of Symptoms

    • Not recognising symptoms like shock, heatstroke, or poisoning, which require immediate, specialised care.
    • Underestimating the urgency of the situation, leading to a delay in seeking qualified veterinary help.

    10. Attempting to Extract Foreign Objects Without Professional Help

    • Removing embedded objects, such as glass shards or porcupine quills, could lead to additional bleeding, infection, or tissue damage.
    • Ignoring the potential need for sedation, pain relief, or surgical tools to remove the object safely.

    11. Ignoring Safe Practices for Zoonotic Diseases

    • Handling animals with suspected zoonotic infections (e.g., rabies, ringworm) without protective equipment risks disease transmission.
    • Failing to understand proper quarantine or hygiene practices increases risks for other animals and people.

    The importance of oral communication skills

    At a Modern Vet Clinic: Golden Retriever Sitting on Examination Table as a Female Veterinarian Assesses the Dog's Health. Handsome Dog's Owner Helps to Calm Down the Pet and Talks with the Doctor

    When asking for advice or physical assistance, recall your active listening and other communication skills from earlier in this module.

    1. Speak clearly and calmly
    2. Be specific about the assistance you require:
      1. Do you need advice? What specific information do you need?
      2. Do you need hands-on assistance? What specific task do you need the other person to do?
    3. Actively listen to the responses from the person you are seeking assistance from:
      1. Do they understand the assistance you require?
      2. Do they have any questions for you?
      3. Do you understand the advice they are providing?
      4. Do you have any other questions?

     

    Key Aspects of Active Listening:

    • Focusing Completely: Active listening means setting aside distractions and focusing entirely on the speaker. This can involve maintaining eye contact, nodding, and using other non-verbal cues to show engagement.
    • Understanding and Reflecting: An active listener often paraphrases or reflects back what the speaker has said to ensure understanding and show they are following along. For example, saying, "So what I hear you saying is…" can clarify and confirm details.
    • Withholding Judgment: Active listening involves being open-minded and refraining from passing judgment or interrupting with one’s own opinions. This helps the speaker feel safe and understood, encouraging them to share more openly.
    • Responding Thoughtfully: Rather than giving an immediate, reactive response, active listeners consider the speaker’s message and reply in a thoughtful, empathetic way. They ask relevant questions or offer supportive comments that show their attentiveness.

     

    Why Active Listening Matters

    Active listening fosters mutual respect, strengthens trust, and creates a positive, open environment for communication. It is especially valuable in settings where understanding others deeply—such as in healthcare, counselling, or team-based work environments—is essential. It’s a critical skill for resolving conflicts, building relationships, and ensuring that everyone involved feels valued and understood.

    Knowledge check 6

    Case Study

    Sarah, the receptionist at Happy Paws Veterinary Clinic, received a call from a distressed pet owner, Mark, who was dealing with an emergency involving his dog, Max. Max had eaten something poisonous, and Mark was panicking about what to do. This scenario will showcase how Sarah uses active listening skills to respond effectively to Mark and how she could assist a caller with finding a nearby emergency clinic.

    Step-by-Step Scenario

    Step 1: Researching and Identifying Nearby Clinics

    Before the call, Sarah had anticipated situations where emergency assistance might be needed outside Happy Paws’ operational hours. She had already researched and compiled a list of nearby 24-hour emergency veterinary clinics to help clients in case of emergencies. This list included contact numbers, addresses, and driving directions for quick reference.

    When Mark called, Sarah was prepared with options if Max needed urgent care elsewhere.
    Step 2: Receiving the Emergency Call and Demonstrating Active Listening

    Phone Rings
    Sarah: “Good afternoon, Happy Paws Veterinary Clinic. This is Sarah. How can I help you today?”

    Mark: [In a panicked tone] “Hi, it’s an emergency! My dog, Max, just swallowed some rat poison. I don’t know what to do. I’m so worried!”

    Sarah remains calm, focusing on active listening to absorb the critical information Mark is providing without interrupting. She empathises with his concern and offers supportive responses to reassure him.

    Sarah: “I’m so sorry to hear that, Mark. I can imagine how scary this must feel right now. I’m here to help. Can I get a few quick details so we can get Max the best care possible?”

    Sarah gently asks clarifying questions to gather the essential information about Max, his symptoms, and how recently he ingested the poison.
    Step 3: Responding with Empathy and Support

    Sarah: “Thank you for sharing that information with me, Mark. I understand how urgent this is, and you’re doing the right thing by calling.”

    Using active listening techniques, Sarah summarises the information to confirm her understanding.

    Sarah: “So, if I understand correctly, Max ingested the rat poison around 10 minutes ago, and he’s already starting to drool and seem lethargic, right?”

    Mark: “Yes, that’s right.”

    Sarah: “Okay, thank you for confirming that. Based on what you’ve told me, I think it would be best to get Max immediate care.”
    Step 4: Advising the Client on Immediate Next Steps

    Sarah then refers to her list of emergency contacts and finds a nearby 24-hour emergency vet clinic.

    Sarah: “Mark, I have the details for an emergency clinic just a few minutes away from you. Let me give you their address and phone number. They’ll be able to provide the immediate treatment Max needs.”

    She pauses to ensure Mark is following along and to give him time to write down the information.

    Sarah: “Once you’re there, please let them know everything you’ve shared with me today. You could also mention that you’re coming from Happy Paws, and they’ll have some background on your case if they need to call us.”
    Step 5: Offering Final Support and Reassurance

    Before ending the call, Sarah reassures Mark with empathy, making sure he feels supported.

    Sarah: “You’re doing a great job, Mark. Just get Max over to the clinic as quickly and safely as possible. If you need anything else or have questions later, please don’t hesitate to call us back.”

    Key Elements of Active Listening Demonstrated

    • Empathy: Sarah acknowledged Mark’s fear and urgency, validating his emotions.
    • Clarifying Questions: She asked follow-up questions to ensure she had all necessary details about Max’s condition.
    • Reflective Summarising: Sarah summarised what she’d heard to confirm her understanding and ensure there were no misunderstandings.
    • Providing Reassurance and Information: She calmly provided directions and contact information for emergency care, making sure Mark felt supported throughout the conversation.

     

    Incident Report Documentation Example

    After the call, Sarah documented the incident in Happy Paws’ records, including:

    • Date and time of the call.
    • Client’s name and contact information.
    • Details of the emergency (Max ingested rat poison).
    • Recommended emergency vet clinic.
    • Actions taken during the call and confirmation that Mark received the necessary information.

     

    This case study demonstrates effective active listening, clear communication, and the value of prior research to provide prompt, compassionate support in an animal emergency.

    A veterinarian recording and documenting

    Keep relevant staff informed about the animal’s condition

    After administering first aid, you should monitor the animal and keep your supervisor, veterinarian or other appropriate personnel informed about their condition. If you notice any changes in the animal’s condition, especially any deterioration in the condition, you must report it immediately.

    The three general updates regarding animal condition are:

    • Deterioration (getting worse)
    • Improvements (getting better)
    • No change.

    While verbal updates may be appropriate, you should also record all observations and interactions with the animal.

    These records must be concise and accurate, noting all the relevant details in the appropriate locations. Forms must be completed in full and should be safely stored in the appropriate area.

    When communicating verbally, make sure to speak clearly and calmly. However, do not downplay the seriousness of the situation, particularly if the animal’s condition is worsening and they need immediate veterinary attention.

    Recall the different levels of emergency. If your first aid treatment stabilises the animal, the emergency may be downgraded. However, if the animal starts to deteriorate or you notice a new symptom, the emergency may be upgraded to a life-threatening situation. You must inform your supervisor or the vet that they need to attend the animal immediately.

    Recording information about the animal or incident

    Business application form with applicant filling in company document filing personal profile applying for job, employment opportunity, administrative office career

    Every animal care facility will have different methods and technology for recording information. You will need to learn the procedures and systems that relate to your organisation in terms of what information should be recorded, as well as how and where. These instructions should be provided to you upon induction. If you are at all unsure of the requirements relating to recording procedures, systems and/or technology, discuss these with your supervisor. Your organisation should also keep up to date policies and procedures relating to health and safety and emergency situations.

    What information to record

    The type of detail you need to record will depend on your workplace procedures. For example, the details of the first aid treatment you provided, which you need to record may be different if you are working in a boarding facility compared to if you are working in a veterinary clinic. You may be required to complete an incident report or contribute to the animal's medical records. As always, follow the procedures of your specific workplace.

    Remember that the point of recording information is to allow anyone who reads it the ability to “understand what took place and why” (Risk HQ n.d.). So, make sure the information you include is relevant and concise, while being detailed enough to describe the situation properly.

    You should also ensure that all information is recorded:

    • Accurately
    • Objectively (in other words, factually without including emotive language or personal opinion)
    • Using appropriate industry terminology and abbreviations.

     

    Below are some examples of ways that you may be documenting information at your animal care facility. 

    1. Handwritten Notes and Paper Records
    • Method: Recording information in notebooks, on printed forms, or in dedicated logbooks.
    • Technology: None required, though paper-based filing systems and storage solutions help with organisation.
    • Advantages: Simple, low-tech, and accessible in areas without electronic access; allows for quick jotting down of details.
    2. Digital Forms and Spreadsheets
    • Method: Entering information into digital forms, templates, or spreadsheets on computers or tablets.
    • Technology: Spreadsheet software (like Excel or Google Sheets), digital forms (Google Forms, Microsoft Forms).
    • Advantages: Easy to organise, analyse, and share; can be password-protected for security; good for structured data entry.
    3. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and Animal Management Software
    • Method: Recording detailed information about individual animals, their health, treatments, and care needs.
    • Technology: Animal-specific management software like ezyVet, Smart Flow, and AVImark.
    • Advantages: Consolidates all data on animals in one place, often with easy access to medical histories, vaccination records, and medication schedules.
    4. Mobile Apps for Record-Keeping
    • Method: Using apps on smartphones or tablets to capture data in real-time.
    • Technology: Apps like Zoho Forms, AnimalCare, or custom-made apps for facility-specific needs.
    • Advantages: Portable and convenient for fieldwork; allows immediate recording and reduces delays in data entry.
    5. Voice Recorders and Speech-to-Text Tools
    • Method: Recording spoken notes or using software to convert speech into text.
    • Technology: Voice recording apps (like Voice Memos), speech-to-text software (Dragon NaturallySpeaking, Otter.ai).
    • Advantages: Useful when hands-free documentation is needed; saves time on writing, especially for longer notes.
    6. Video and Photography
    • Method: Capturing images or videos for visual documentation.
    • Technology: Cameras, smartphones, or tablets with photo and video capabilities.
    • Advantages: Provides a visual record, which is particularly useful for tracking changes over time, such as wound healing or physical development.
    7. Digital Whiteboards or Smartboards
    • Method: Recording collaborative information or brainstorming during meetings, often saved digitally for later reference.
    • Technology: Smartboards, interactive whiteboards, or digital whiteboard apps (like Miro or Jamboard).
    • Advantages: Useful for team collaboration; records can be saved, shared, and accessed later
    8. Barcoding and RFID Scanning Systems
    • Method: Using barcodes or RFID tags for tracking items or animals, often with automated record updates.
    • Technology: Barcode scanners, RFID readers, animal-specific software.
    • Advantages: Provides quick, error-free identification and tracking, especially in large facilities or farms.
    9. Cloud-Based Record Systems
    • Method: Storing and accessing records on the cloud, allowing for remote access and collaboration.
    • Technology: Google Drive, Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive, or specialised cloud software.
    • Advantages: Accessible from multiple devices and locations; good for collaborative settings with multiple team members.
    10. Sensor-Based Monitoring Systems
    • Method: Using sensors to automatically record physiological or environmental data.
    • Technology: Wearable animal sensors (for temperature, movement, heart rate), environmental sensors (for humidity, temperature).
    • Advantages: Provides real-time, continuous data without manual intervention; useful for tracking animal welfare and environmental conditions.

     

    Case Study

    Close up of female doctor prepare IV drip for the dog

    At Happy Paws Animal Care, Max, a dog recovering from surgery after swallowing a foreign object, is receiving ongoing treatment. Sarah, a veterinary technician, is responsible for monitoring his recovery, recording relevant information, and keeping the staff informed of his condition.

    Step 1: Monitoring Max’s Condition Sarah closely observes Max’s condition, checking for signs like changes in appetite, hydration, and pain levels. She notices that he’s showing mild discomfort and reduced appetite, and she decides to record these observations to ensure proper care is provided.
    Step 2: Recording Information

    Sarah uses the facility’s animal care software to record her observations. She includes:

    • Time and Date: The exact time and date of her observation.
    • Animal Identification: Max’s ID number, name, breed, and age.
    • Condition Updates: Sarah logs Max’s appetite, pain levels, behaviour, and any physical signs she observes, such as mild swelling near his incision site.
    • Medication Records: The dose and time of any pain relief or medication given to Max.

    Sarah also adds her notes to a shared digital log that all staff members can access, enabling everyone to stay updated on Max’s recovery.
    Step 3: Communicating Updates to the Team

    Sarah then informs other relevant staff members about Max’s condition during the daily staff meeting. She shares the following:

    • Current Condition: She describes Max’s reduced appetite and slight discomfort, noting her concerns and the specific times she observed these changes.
    • Next Steps: Sarah advises that they continue to monitor Max closely, especially his incision area and pain levels, and suggests consulting the vet if his condition worsens.

    This communication keeps the entire team aware of Max’s needs and ensures continuity of care.

    Documentation Example

    Following the meeting, Sarah completes a brief incident report and notes in Max’s medical record:

    • Report Title: Post-Surgical Recovery Observation for Max (Dog ID #1234).
    • Summary: Observed reduced appetite and mild discomfort following foreign object removal surgery.
    • Action Taken: Administered pain relief and communicated condition to team during morning briefing.
    • Recommendations: Monitor closely for any further changes, and report to the vet if symptoms persist.

     

    Summary
    Through clear documentation and regular communication, Sarah ensures that all staff at Happy Paws are informed about Max’s condition, enhancing his care and supporting continuity of treatment. This scenario demonstrates how accurate record-keeping and effective communication play critical roles in managing animal health and ensuring team coordination.

     

    Incident reporting

    Information collected about the animal incident may be helpful in preventing a similar incident in the future. Follow your workplace recording and emergency procedures regarding the specific information you need to record about the incident.

    Common details include:

    • The date, time and location of the incident (location is particularly important for wildlife rescues so that animal can be returned to the same location)
    • The name, species, sex and age of the animal involved
    • Details of the injury or illness
    • Details about the first aid treatment that was given
    • Details about what happened to the animal after first aid treatment (for example, stayed at home or attended local veterinary or emergency clinic)
    • Name and signature of the first aider (RT Training n.d.).

     

    Below, see an example of an Incident Report Template. As explained every facility/ workplace will have different forms suitable to their service and clinic. 

    Incident Report Form
    Date of Incident:  
    Time of Incident:  
    Location of Incident:  
    Nature of Incident (select all that apply):
    • Bite
    • Scratch
    • Escape
    • Fall/Injury
    • Equipment malfunction
    • Other (describe): [ ]

    Description of Incident:

    [Provide a detailed account of the events leading up to the incident, what occurred, and any notable details.]

    		  
    Animal(s) Involved:
    • Species: [ ]
    • Breed: [ ]
    • Name/ID: [ ]
    • Age: [ ]
    Injuries and Medical Attention:
    • Injuries sustained (describe): [ ]
    • First aid administered: [ ]
    • Follow-up treatment required: [ ]
    Witnesses:
    • Name(s) and contact information:
      • [ ]
      • [ ]

    Witness Statements (if applicable):
    [ ]

    Possible Causes:

    [Describe any potential causes of the incident, such as environmental factors, animal behaviour, or equipment issues.]

    		  

    Preventative Actions and Recommendations:

    • Immediate actions taken: [ ]
    • Recommended changes to prevent similar incidents: [ ]
    		  
    Incident Reporter Information:
    • Name: [ ]
    • Role: [ ]
    • Date and Time of Report Completion: [ ]

    Signature: ____________________

    Medical records

    After providing basic first aid to animals, you may need to ensure you accurately record any treatment provided to the animal along with any other observations or additional information relevant to the treatment of the animal.

    Medical records must be concise and accurate, noting all the relevant medical details in the appropriate sections. Forms must be completed in full and should be safely stored in the appropriate area.

    Your workplace may have a specific first aid incident report form. However, if you don’t have access to a form, include the following details in your medical records:

    • Assessment of physical condition:
      • Breathing
      • Demeanour
      • External injuries
      • Hydration status
      • Ambulation
    • Assessment of vital signs:
      • Temperature
      • Heart rate
      • Pulse rate
      • Respiratory rate
      • Mucous membranes
    • Any known allergies or medications
    • Any known medical history
    • Description of signs and symptoms
    • Description of the first aid treatment(s) provided.

     

    Below is an example of a Medical Record Template. Again, every facility/ clinic will have their own template. 

    Medical Record Template
    1. Animal Information
    • Animal ID/Name: [ ]
    • Species: [ ]
    • Breed: [ ]
    • Age: [ ]
    • Gender: [ ]
    • Weight: [ ]
    • Microchip Number: [ ]
    		  
    2. Owner Information (if applicable)
    • Owner Name: [ ]
    • Contact Number: [ ]
    • Address: [ ]
    • Email Address: [ ]
    		  
    3. Presenting Complaint / Reason for Visit
    • Primary Complaint: [ ]
    • Duration of Symptoms: [ ]
    • Additional Observations (if any): [ ]
    		  
    4. Medical History
    • Previous Conditions / Diagnoses: [ ]
    • Vaccination History: [ ]
    • Deworming History: [ ]
    • Recent Treatments / Medications: [ ]
    • Surgery History: [ ]
    • Allergies (if any): [ ]
    		  
    5. Examination Notes
    • Temperature: [ ]
    • Heart Rate: [ ]
    • Respiratory Rate: [ ]
    • Mucous Membranes (Colour/Capillary Refill): [ ]
    • General Appearance / Demeanour: [ ]
    • Eyes / Ears / Nose / Mouth Observations: [ ]
    • Skin / Coat Condition: [ ]
    • Weight / Body Condition: [ ]
    • Abdominal Palpation: [ ]
    • Pain Assessment (if applicable): [ ]
    • Other Notes: [ ]
    		  
    6. Diagnosis
    • Primary Diagnosis: [ ]
    • Secondary Diagnoses (if any): [ ]
    • Additional Comments on Diagnosis: [ ]
    		  
    7. Treatment Plan

    • Medications:

      • Name: [ ]
      • Dosage: [ ]
      • Frequency: [ ]
      • Duration: [ ]

    • Procedures:

      • Description: [ ]
      • Date: [ ]
      • Outcome / Notes: [ ]

    • Therapy (if applicable):

      • Type: [ ]
      • Frequency: [ ]
      • Additional Notes: [ ]

    • Other Recommendations:

      • [ ]
    		  
    8. Follow-Up Instructions
    • Next Appointment Date: [ ]
    • Home Care Instructions: [ ]
    • Signs to Watch For: [ ]
    • Emergency Contact Number: [ ]
    		  
    9. Progress Notes (for ongoing visits)
    • Date: [ ]
    • Treatment / Progress Notes:
      • [ ]
    • Attending Veterinarian / Technician Signature: [ ]
    		  
    10. Laboratory / Diagnostic Results (if applicable)
    • Date of Test: [ ]
    • Test Type: [ ]
    • Results: [ ]
    • Interpretation / Comments: [ ]
    		  
    11. Veterinarian / Staff Information
    • Attending Veterinarian Name: [ ]
    • Technician(s) / Assistant(s): [ ]
    • Date of Record Entry: [ ]
    • Signature: [ ]
    		  

    You are likely to assess the animal’s vital signs repeatedly during its first aid treatment, transportation and monitoring. You may find it easiest to record these data in a table, such as the one following, noting the times at which you assessed them.

    Time Temperature
    (°C)    		 Heart rate
    (bpm)    		 Pulse rate
    (bpm)    		 Respiratory rate
    (bpm)    		 CRT
               
               
               
               

    Other records

    In an animal care facility, maintaining comprehensive records is essential for tracking animal health, ensuring safety, and managing facility operations. Here are some other types of records you might need to complete:

    Daily Observation Logs

    • Notes on each animal’s behaviour, appetite, elimination, and general appearance.
    • Useful for monitoring health changes and identifying early signs of illness.

    Feeding and Nutrition Records

    • Type, amount, and frequency of food provided to each animal.
    • Any special dietary needs or supplements.

    Enrichment and Activity Logs

    • Types of enrichment activities or toys provided.
    • Responses or interactions observed during enrichment activities.

    Cleaning and Sanitation Records

    • Frequency and methods of cleaning enclosures, equipment, and common areas.
    • Any special sanitation procedures following illness outbreaks.

    Medical Treatment Logs

    • Detailed notes on treatments administered (e.g., medication, physical therapy).
    • Dosage, route, frequency, and any observed side effects or improvements.

    Vaccination and Preventative Care Records

    • Dates and types of vaccinations given.
    • Records of other preventive care, such as flea, tick, or deworming treatments.

    Incident Reports

    • Documentation of accidents, injuries, or unusual behaviour incidents.
    • Includes details on causes, responses, and follow-up actions.

    Intake and History Forms

    • Information on new animals entering the facility, including medical history, previous care, and behavioural notes.
    • Ownership details, if applicable.

    Adoption or Rehoming Records (for rescues and shelters)

    • Records of animals placed for adoption or rehomed.
    • Contact details of new owners, adoption agreements, and follow-up checks.

    Behavioural Assessment Reports

    • Observations on each animal’s temperament, interactions with people and other animals.
    • Notes on any specific training or behavioural modification plans.

    Weight and Growth Charts

    • Regular weight measurements and growth tracking.
    • Useful for monitoring animal health, especially for young or recovering animals.

    Inventory Records for Supplies

    • Logs of food, medications, bedding, and other supplies.
    • Inventory tracking helps ensure adequate stock and allows for timely reordering.

    Equipment Maintenance Logs

    • Documentation of regular checks, cleaning, and repair of equipment.
    • Ensures that equipment like scales, medical tools, and feeding devices are functioning correctly.

    Pathology Reports

    • Detailed reports on lab tests, diagnostic imaging, or necropsies if conducted.
    • Helps with diagnosing illnesses and guides treatment plans.

    Animal Transfer and Transport Logs

    • Records of animals transported to other facilities or locations.
    • Details of transport conditions, carrier type, and travel duration.

    Volunteer and Staff Training Logs

    • Records of completed training and competency checks.
    • Ensures staff and volunteers are prepared for handling specific animals or tasks.

    Temperature and Environment Control Logs

    • Daily logs of enclosure temperatures, humidity, and other environmental factors.
    • Crucial for species with specific habitat needs (e.g., reptiles).

    Legal and Compliance Records

    • Documentation required for compliance with local regulations, permits, and inspection records.
    • Important for auditing purposes and regulatory adherence.

    Another place you may need to record information about the incident or the animal is a surrendering form for wildlife, strays or other rescued animals. The following is an example of a typical wildlife surrender form.

    Wildlife Surrender Form
    Your details:
    Title Ms
    First name Vivian
    Last name Nguyen
    Contact number 0401 222 333
    Rescue location:
    Street number  
    Street name Lower Dandenong Road
    Suburb Braeside
    Postcode 3195
    Is this your home address? (Y/N) N
    Is this where you found the animal? Y
    Any other details Found on the verge between the northern boundary of Braeside Park and the road
    Animal rescue details:
    Species/breed Wombat
    Description of the animal's condition
    • Unconscious
    • HR 58 bpm
    • RR 8 bpm – laboured
    • Bleeding from right ear, 6cm wound on right shoulder
    • No obvious broken bones detected
    Description of first aid provided Bleeding controlled with bandages, kept warm.
    Knowledge Check 7

    How to fill out a form?

    When completing documentation, it is important to complete the form as accurately and authentically as possible. Below is a step-by-step guide on completing an Animal Intake Form. 

    How to Fill Out an Animal Intake Form: Step-by-Step Guide

    Step 1: Collect the Required Information

    Before starting, ensure you have:

    • The animal's details (name, age, breed, species, gender, etc.).
    • Owner’s details (full name, contact number, address).
    • Reason for the visit (e.g., routine check-up, vaccination, illness).

    Step 2: Begin with the Owner’s Details

    • Locate the section titled "Owner Information" on the form.
    • Write the following:
      • Full Name: Enter the first and last name of the owner.
      • Contact Details: Include the primary phone number and email address.
      • Address: Provide the complete residential or mailing address.

    Example:

    Step 3: Fill Out the Animal’s Details

    • Find the section labelled "Animal Information" and provide:
      • Name: The animal’s name (e.g., Bella).
      • Species/Breed: Specify the species (e.g., dog) and breed (e.g., Labrador).
      • Gender: Tick the appropriate box (e.g., male, female, or desexed).
      • Age/DOB: Indicate the age in years/months or the date of birth.
      • Colour/Markings: Mention any distinguishing features.

    Example:

    • Name: Bella
    • Species: Dog
    • Breed: Labrador
    • Gender: Female (Desexed)
    • Age: 3 Years
    • Colour: Black with a white patch on the chest

    Step 4: Reason for Visit

    • Write the main purpose of the visit in the "Reason for Visit" section. Be specific (e.g., annual vaccination, skin allergy check, or limping in the hind leg).

    Example:

    • Reason for Visit: Bella is limping on her left hind leg.

    Step 5: Health History

    • If the form asks for previous health issues, include known conditions, surgeries, or medications. If unknown, write "N/A."
    • Provide details on current medications or supplements.

    Step 6: Review and Sign

    • Double-check all information for accuracy.
    • The owner should sign and date the form in the "Owner’s Signature" section.

     

    Tips for Accuracy

    • Use clear and legible handwriting if filling in manually.
    • Always confirm details with the owner to avoid errors.
    • If any section is unclear, ask the clinic staff for guidance.
    A lethargic beagle puppy

    Pablo the dog

    Animal name: Pablo
    Owner name: Brown
    Owner number: 0400 100 100    		 Species: Canine
    Breed: Beagle
    Age: 4 months
    Life stage: Puppy    		 Colour: Black and tan
    Sex: Male; entire
    Weight: 4.2 kg

    Heath problem: Suspected closed fracture and spinal injury.

    Sarah works at ABC Kennels and works in the doggie daycare room.

    Two large dogs were playing roughly when Pablo joined in. One of the larger dogs fell awkwardly on to Pablo. Sarah heard a loud squeal and saw Pablo lying on his side when the larger dog moved away.

    After calling for assistance to manage the other dogs in the play area, Sarah quickly assessed Pablo’s condition. He was panting and whining quietly, she also observed that he was shivering and lip smacking. He also made no attempt to stand. When feeling his limbs, Sarah saw Pablo noticeably flinch when she touched his back right leg.

    Concerned he may have also hurt his spine, Sarah did not encourage Pablo to stand and, although he was small enough for her to easily pick up and carry, she decided it would be safer for him to use a stretcher.

    Once Sarah had moved Pablo out of the play area and into the first aid room, she applied a conforming bandage to his injured leg and called the veterinary clinic. While she was waiting for the veterinarian to arrive, Sarah stayed with him keeping him calm by reassuring him in a gentle voice and made sure he was comfortable and warm.

    Happy labrador dog in water splashes. Thirsty dog on hot sunny weather

    Max, a playful 2-year-old Labrador, arrives at Happy Paws after his owner notices a deep cut on his front paw, likely from stepping on broken glass. Max is limping, his paw is bleeding, and he’s showing signs of discomfort and mild anxiety.

    Step 1: Assessing the Situation and Securing the Scene

    Upon arrival, Sarah, an animal care attendant, sees that Max is anxious but cooperative. She puts on gloves, calmly approaches him, and reassures him with a gentle voice.

    Sarah: "Hey, Max, it's okay, buddy. We’re going to take good care of you."

    Sarah ensures that the area around Max is clean and free of anything that might further stress or injure him. She observes Max’s breathing, which is steady, and notes that he isn’t displaying signs of severe shock.

    Step 2: Initial First Aid Assessment

    Sarah uses her first aid training to assess the injury, deciding that pressure is needed to stop the bleeding. She gently examines the paw while keeping Max calm with soothing words.

    Sarah: “Max, you’re doing great! This might sting a little, but you’re such a brave boy.”

    Step 3: Providing First Aid

    Sarah follows the following first aid steps:

    1. Control Bleeding
      She applies a clean gauze pad with gentle pressure on the wound to stop the bleeding. After a few minutes, she carefully removes the gauze to check the wound.

    2. Clean the Wound
      Using a mild antiseptic solution, Sarah cleans around the cut to reduce the risk of infection. She ensures not to pour directly into the wound, as this could cause Max distress.

    3. Bandage the Paw
      Sarah wraps the paw in a sterile dressing to protect it. She uses medical tape to secure the dressing, ensuring it’s not too tight.

    4. Monitor for Shock or Pain
      Sarah keeps an eye on Max’s behaviour, checking his heart rate by placing her fingers on his chest. His heart rate is slightly elevated, but he seems stable.

    Step 4: Communicating with the Owner and Veterinary Referral

    After providing first aid, Sarah calls Dr. Allen, the in-house veterinarian, to assess whether stitches are needed.

    Sarah: “Hi, Dr. Allen, we have Max here, a 2-year-old Labrador. He has a cut on his front paw from glass. I’ve cleaned and bandaged it, but I think it’s deep enough to need stitches. Could you take a look?”

    Dr. Allen agrees to see Max immediately. Meanwhile, Sarah updates the owner, explaining the situation and providing reassurance.

    Sarah: “Max’s cut is under control, and he’s been so brave! Dr. Allen will take a look to see if stitches are needed. We’ll keep you updated and make sure he’s comfortable.”

    Step 5: Record Keeping
    Sarah documents the incident in Max’s medical file and completes an incident report. The record includes details of the injury, first aid steps, observations, and the vet referral. Below is an example of the documentation.

     

    Incident Report
    Animal Name: Max
    Species/Breed: Dog / Labrador
    Date/Time of Incident:

    Date: 25/12/2024

    Time: 3:50pm
    Injury Description: Deep cut on left front paw, bleeding observed
    First Aid Steps Taken:
    • Applied pressure to control bleeding
    • Cleaned wound with antiseptic
    • Bandaged with sterile dressing
    Observations:
    • Stable heart rate; mild anxiety noted
    • Owner notified and updated
    Referral: Referred to Dr. Allen for further assessment and potential stitches.
    Staff Member:

    • Sarah Johnson

     

    Max’s first aid was completed successfully, thanks to prompt action, clear communication, and detailed record-keeping. This case study exemplifies the essential steps in animal first aid, demonstrating Sarah’s skills in injury assessment, providing care, communicating with the veterinarian and owner, and maintaining thorough records.

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Little horse at small latvian zoo. Horse smile. Horse showing teeth, smiling horse, funny horses, funny animal face. laugh animal

    A horse named Dusty, a 6-year-old gelding, is found in his paddock with a deep laceration on his right hind leg. The wound is bleeding, and Dusty appears distressed and hesitant to put weight on the injured leg. Katie, an experienced horse handler at Happy Paws, is alerted by another staff member.

    Step 1: Assessing the Situation and Securing the Scene

    Katie quickly assesses the environment to ensure safety. She removes any nearby objects that could cause further injury and keeps other animals away. Katie speaks in a calm, reassuring tone to help Dusty relax.

    Katie: “Hey, Dusty, easy there, big guy. Let’s get you feeling better. You’re safe now.”

    Katie approaches Dusty slowly, gauging his reaction to avoid startling him. She is mindful of her positioning to prevent herself from being kicked, staying slightly to the side of his hindquarters.

    Step 2: Initial First Aid Assessment
    Katie examines Dusty’s wound, noting that the bleeding is steady but not excessive. She carefully checks his vital signs, looking for any signs of shock. Dusty’s breathing is slightly elevated, but his heart rate is within normal limits.

    Step 3: Providing First Aid

    Katie applies first aid using the following steps:

    1. Control Bleeding
      She applies pressure with a clean cloth to the wound to help control the bleeding, holding it in place until the bleeding slows.

    2. Cleaning the Wound
      Once the bleeding is under control, Katie carefully rinses the area with a saline solution to reduce the risk of infection. She avoids using any harsh antiseptics that could irritate the open wound.

    3. Bandaging the Leg
      Katie wraps the wound with a sterile dressing, making sure it’s snug but not too tight. She uses vet wrap to secure the bandage in place, ensuring that Dusty will be comfortable while keeping the wound protected.

    4. Monitoring for Shock
      Katie monitors Dusty’s behaviour and vital signs throughout, noting any signs of distress. Dusty appears more relaxed, which indicates that he’s not in severe shock.

    Step 4: Communicating with the Vet and Other Staff Members

    Katie calls the on-call veterinarian, Dr. Foster, to arrange for a more detailed examination and possible stitches.

    Katie: “Hi, Dr. Foster. I’ve got Dusty here with a laceration on his hind leg. The bleeding is controlled, and I’ve wrapped it, but I think stitches might be necessary. Can you come by to assess him?”

    After coordinating with Dr. Foster, Katie updates the other staff members to inform them of Dusty’s condition and what to watch for in his behaviour and comfort level. She also reassures Dusty’s owner by providing a summary of the first aid steps taken and the plan for veterinary care.

    Katie to Staff: “Dusty’s leg is injured, so be mindful when entering his paddock. He’s bandaged for now, and Dr. Foster is on the way.”

    Katie to Owner: “Dusty’s leg has been cleaned and wrapped. We’ve controlled the bleeding, and the vet is on the way to assess if he’ll need stitches. He’s calm, and we’re monitoring him closely.”

    Step 5: Record Keeping
    Katie documents the incident in Dusty’s medical records, noting the details of the injury, the first aid administered, observations of his behaviour, and the veterinary referral.

     

    Incident Report
    Animal Name: Dusty
    Species/Breed: Horse / Gelding
    Date/Time of Incident:

    Date: 15/07/2024 

    Time: 10:45am
    Injury Description:

    • Deep laceration on right hind leg, moderate bleeding observed
    First Aid Steps Taken:
    • Applied pressure to control bleeding
    • Cleaned wound with saline solution
    • Bandaged with sterile dressing
    Observations:
    • Vital signs stable; slight increase in respiration, no signs of severe shock
    • Calm and cooperative behaviour after initial treatment
    Referral: On-call vet Dr. Foster contacted for further assessment and possible stitches.
    Staff Member:

    Katie Brown

     

    Katie’s prompt and careful first aid response exemplified the importance of assessing safety, using appropriate first aid techniques, clear communication, and thorough record-keeping. Through this careful handling, Dusty received the initial care he needed, with arrangements made for further treatment.

     

    Veterinarian doctor bandaging the injured leg of a cat

     

    Bella, a four-year-old domestic short-haired cat, was brought into the animal care facility after being found limping in a suburban park. The person who found Bella reported she had likely been hit by a bicycle. Bella's right hind leg appeared swollen, and she refused to put any weight on it.

    What Happened to Bella

    Upon initial assessment, Bella showed signs of a possible fracture:

    • She was vocalising in pain and limping.
    • Her right hind leg was swollen and held in an unnatural position.
    • Bella showed defensive behaviours (hissing and swatting) due to pain and fear.

     

    Step-by-Step First Aid Process

    1. Ensure Safety for Both the Handler and the Cat

    • PPE Used: Heavy-duty gloves to protect from scratches and bites.
    • Action: Approach Bella calmly, speaking in a soothing voice. Gently cover her with a towel to safely restrain her while reducing stress.

    2. Assess the Injury

    • Action: Examine Bella’s leg without applying pressure. Look for swelling, deformity, or open wounds. Avoid excessive manipulation to prevent further damage.

    3. Provide Initial Pain Management (If Applicable)

    • Action: If directed by a veterinarian, administer pain relief medication as prescribed.

    4. Prepare the Materials for Immobilisation

    • Materials Needed:
      • A splint (e.g., a padded stick or a rolled-up magazine).
      • Gauze bandage.
      • Self-adhesive bandage wrap.
      • Tape.
      • Sterile dressing (if there’s an open wound).

    5. Immobilise the Leg

    • Step 1: Keep the cat calm by maintaining gentle restraint. If the cat struggles, pause and reassure it.
    • Step 2: If there is an open wound, clean it with saline solution and cover it with a sterile dressing to prevent infection.
    • Step 3: Position the splint along the leg, ensuring it extends slightly beyond the joints above and below the injury.
    • Step 4: Use gauze to gently secure the splint to the leg. Wrap from the paw upwards, ensuring it is snug but not so tight that it restricts circulation.
    • Step 5: Wrap self-adhesive bandage over the gauze for added stability. Check for tightness by ensuring you can fit a finger between the bandage and the leg.
    • Step 6: Secure the end of the bandage with tape.

     

    Aftercare

    1. Transport to a Veterinarian

    • Immediately transport Bella to the vet for X-rays and a definitive diagnosis. Ensure she is comfortable and the splint remains stable during transit.

    2. Follow-Up Care Instructions

    • Limit Movement: Keep Bella confined to a small, quiet area to prevent unnecessary strain on her leg.
    • Monitor for Complications: Watch for signs of swelling, changes in colour, or distress, which could indicate poor circulation or worsening of the injury.
    • Medication: Administer prescribed pain relief or anti-inflammatory medication as directed by the vet.
    • Follow-Up Appointments: Attend all scheduled veterinary check-ups to monitor healing and adjust the splint or bandage as needed.

    3. Long-Term Care

    • Gradually reintroduce Bella to regular activity once the vet confirms the leg is healed.
    • Provide environmental enrichment (e.g., toys and interactive play) that doesn’t involve climbing or jumping during recovery.

     

    Video 

    The next few videos demonstrate how to immobilise/ splint a cat's leg. 

    Tip

    The next couple of links/ resources help to explain how to immobolise a cat leg. 

    The following links may be useful to extend your knowledge or support your interest in first techniques for animals.

     

    Vetpedia- Ticks and Fleas in Cats and Dogs

    Book 

    • "Pet First Aid for Dummies" by Melinda D. Merck
      • This book is a great beginner’s guide for pet first aid, covering key skills such as checking vital signs, managing bleeding, and handling choking incidents. You can purchase the book as an eBook at Barnes & Noble

     

    Australian Red Cross Pet First Aid Course

    • While primarily available in the U.S., the Red Cross Pet First Aid course offers fundamental skills for handling emergencies with pets, applicable in many settings. The Australian Red Cross also provides pet-focused resources and courses. Visit Australian Red Cross to learn more about available courses.

     

    Australian Veterinary Association (AVA)

    • The AVA offers various online courses and webinars that sometimes cover pet first aid, including animal handling and emergency care, particularly useful for rural or emergency-focused students. Explore their resources on the AVA website to find current offerings.
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    First aid being applied t an injured animal
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