Provide basic first aid to the animal

Once you have assessed the physical condition and vital signs of the animal, you can decide which first aid techniques are appropriate for the situation.

If an animal requiring first aid is brought to you at your workplace, you should have all the relevant equipment easily available. However, in the field, you may need to be creative. It may be a good idea to carry an animal first aid kit with you when you are out and about so that you can be better prepared in case of an emergency. The following list outlines some key items that you should include in your first aid kit.

First Aid Kit Checklist:

• Slip lead × 2
• Disposable gloves$
• Clippers/shearers
• Thermometer
• Sterile rinse solution (saline) (wound wash)
• A towel or blanket to use as a stretcher
• Gauze swabs
• Stretchy bandage
• Bandage scissors (blunt ended)
• Tweezers
• Tick tweezers
• Hand sanitiser
• Non-stick sterile wound dressing
• Splinting items, a ruler, for example
• Self-adhesive tape, including packaging tape
• Conforming bandage (stretchy gauze)
• Foil blanket
• Antiseptic wipes
• Cotton wool
• Box or cat cage – you can store all items neatly in it and use for transporting of animals.

Basic animal first aid techniques

Basic first aid, whether it is for native animals, domestic animals, or people, is very similar. By applying the basic first aid treatment principles, you might be able to save an animal's life. Remember, though, that first aid does not treat animals. It just maximises the chance of survival until a vet can attend the animal.

Recall the seven principles of first aid:

1. Preserve life
2. Prevent deterioration
3. Promote recovery
4. Take immediate action
5. Calm the situation down
6. Call for medical assistance
7. Apply the relevant treatment.

There are many different first aid techniques you can use. The techniques you choose will depend on the situation and your physical condition and vital sign assessment of the animal.

There are several first aid practices you may become aware of at your clinic or animal care workplace. Speak to your supervisor to determine and understand workplace specific procedures relating to first aid.

However, in this module, we will focus on five of the most common basic techniques that you are likely to use:

1. Check and clear airways
2. Control bleeding
3. Minimise the impact of shock
4. Immobilise limb injuries
5. Apply water for burns and heatstroke.

Check and clear airway

Oxygen is critical for survival. If an animal can’t breathe effectively, it will likely die within a few minutes.

If at any point you are concerned the animal isn’t breathing well, for example you can hear gasping or bubbling sounds as they breathe, check its airway to ensure there is no obstruction (something blocking the airway). If you see something, you will need to remove the obstruction to clear the airway and give the animal the best opportunity to breathe.

 

  

Watch

Watch the following video, 'How to Help a Choking Dog’ (3:03 min), which demonstrates how to check and clear the airways of a choking dog.

 

Control bleeding

If you see blood, check the animal for wounds. Where blood is oozing or only dripping slowly, such as from a graze or a scratch, clean the wound and apply a clean dressing or bandage.

 

Watch

Review the video ‘Direct digital Pressure’ (1:59 min) to learn how to apply direct digital pressure to a minor bleed.

If you see blood steadily dripping or spurting, the animal is at risk of excess bleeding. Excessive blood loss is very dangerous for an animal because it means that its organs and tissues won’t receive enough oxygen or nutrients to function properly. An important step in first aid is to control bleeding – slow or stop the bleeding.

Watch

Watch the following video, ‘Pet First Aid: How to Stop Bleeding’ (2:29 min), for some basic techniques to help stop and control bleeding.

 

Minimise the impact of shock

Shock is an emergency medical condition that is caused when the body’s ability to circulate blood efficiently is disrupted. As a result, blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs is reduced. There are several causes of shock, including blood loss, heatstroke, burns or severe infection. As with difficulty breathing or excessive bleeding, shock means that tissues and organs are not getting enough oxygen and nutrients to function effectively.

Watch

Watch the following video, ‘Basic Animal First Aid’ (5:51 min), which explains how to recognise and treat shock in animals.

Immobilise limb injuries

Immobilising a limb (keeping the limb still) will help prevent additional injury from occurring. Immobilisation is useful for all types of limb injury, but critical for broken bones.

In the case of fractures or other limb injuries, most animals will hold the affected area up and will not put pressure on it. Some will place pressure on it but limp or whine or make other sounds indicative of pain.

There are two main types of fractures.

1. A closed fracture occurs when a bone is broken, but the skin is intact. You may notice swelling or abnormal movement of the limb.
2. An open fracture (or compound fracture) is when a broken bone is accompanied by an open wound. The wound is often caused by the broken bone breaking through the skin.

Immobilise the limb

If you suspect or observe soft tissue damage or a bone fracture, and it is safe for you to do so, immobilise the limb using bandaging.

You can use the following steps to immobilise the limb.

1. Firstly, do not pull on the limb. Do not try to straighten the limb or the broken bone. This will only cause pain and more injury.
2. Attend to any bleeding.
3. Try to limit the animal’s movement of and pressure on the limb. If possible, elevate the limb with a pillow, towel or suitable alternative.
4. When transporting the animal to a vet, provide additional padding to reduce any movement while in transit.

 

Watch

Study the following video, ‘Dog and Puppy First Aid : Fractures’ (0:37 min), which demonstrates how to provide basic first aid for a dog with a broken bone.

 

 

Apply water

Clean water is very useful in the basic first aid of animals. You can use water to clean the animal or area as well as to cool the animal. Water is particularly important in the first aid treatment of burns and heatstroke.

Burns

Burns rapidly cause soft tissue damage, typically to the skin of the animal. Burns may be caused by:

• Fire or very hot objects
• Electricity
• Sunburn
• Very hot water or steam
• Chemicals.

Visible signs of a burn may appear immediately or can take 12-24 hours to appear after the incident, depending on the cause and severity of the burn. The symptoms of a burn depend on the severity of the injury.

1. First degree burns only affect the top lay of the skin. Symptoms are typically:
   1. redness
   2. pain.
2. Second degree burns affect the top two layers of the skin. Visible signs include:
   1. red, white, or blotchy skin
   2. swelling
   3. blisters.
3. Third degree burns affect the tissue underneath the skin and may cause nerve damage. Visible signs include:
   1. exposed tissue (missing skin)
   2. bleeding
   3. burnt areas may appear brown, red, or white (Mayo Clinic Staff n.d.).

Regardless of the severity of the burn, cool the area immediately by:

• Applying cool running water to the area or immerse in cool water for a minimum of 10 minutes, for example by placing the burnt area under a running tap or shower. The longer the better.
• Applying a cool pack or cool wet compress to the area for a minimum of 30 mins. Note do not place the cold pack directly on the skin, always wrap it in a clean cloth.

Note: use cool water, not ice. Ice can cause further damage to burnt tissue.

Another injury to consider with fire burns is the possibility of smoke inhalation. Document your concerns if you have them, so the vet can treat the animal appropriately if required.

Heatstroke

Recall that heatstroke is another term used for hyperthermia, which results from body temperature exceeding the normal range.

As with applying water for burns, use cool rather than cold water. A rapid decrease in temperature will cause blood vessels to constrict, reducing blood flow, which will prevent the animal from cooling.

To provide first aid to an animal for heatstroke:

1. Remove the animal from the hot environment
2. Gradually lower the animal’s body temperature using one or more of the following techniques:
   1. Apply cool water from a tap to the skin, especially around the groin, armpits and neck
   2. Place the animal under cool (not cold) running water
   3. Place the animal in front of a fan or air conditioner
   4. Move the animal to a shady or air-conditioned area
   5. Wet the area around the animal to lower the ambient temperature
   6. Assess animal's core temperature regularly (every 5 minutes) while actively cooling; keep your supervisor informed of animal’s temperature and stop active cooling techniques when advised by them.

It is possible to cause hypothermia and the animal becoming too cold if active cooling continues, hence it is essential to be in constant communication with your supervisor.

Watch

Study the following video, ‘Dog first aid: heatstroke’ (6:44 min), which explains how to detect if a dog has heatstroke and what to do.

Tick paralysis

Ticks are a type of ectoparasite and feed on the blood of other animals. Some species of tick can cause paralysis by injecting a toxin not the animal as they feed.

If you find a tick on an animal during your assessment, remove it using tweezers or a dedicated tick removal device by twisting and plucking. Make sure you remove the entire tick, including the head (it often snaps off during removal). Keep the tick in a jar to have the vet positively identify it.

Ticks will drop off by themselves once they had fed enough. Once the tick is gone, the animal may or may not show signs that it had a tick attached. If the hind legs of the animal are not coordinated, this may progress to paralysis. The animal may hyperventilate (breathe too quickly), have a change or loss of voice, have no appetite, vomit or regurgitate.

If you suspect tick paralysis, urgently seek veterinary assistance, no matter what degree of the signs.

While awaiting help, to manage the animal, make sure you:

• Don’t give them any food or water.
• “Keep the animal quiet, free from stress and excitement.
• Keep the animal in a temperature-controlled environment” (Australian Tick Paralysis Advisory Panel, 2016).

The size of the tick does not determine the possible severity of the outcome – both small and large paralysis ticks are potentially lethal. The tick may not be obviously visible on the animal, for example they may be located in the ear or under the lip in the gum.

Cats with tick paralysis have several unique additional treatment considerations which are different to dogs. According to the Australian Tick Paralysis Advisory Panel (2016), they are to:

1. Handle away from dogs to reduce stress
2. Cats are more likely to have an anaphylactic reaction to tick antitoxin serum (TAS) than dogs
3. Treat in a quiet, dark, temperature-controlled environment
4. Supplement oxygen if indicated using an oxygen cage.

 

 

Watch 

The next couple of videos are snippets from the Australian TV Show Bondi Vet. In these episodes they demonstrate how dangerous ticks are and some of the treatment options for the animals due to the severity. 

 

Other first aid techniques

The following table outlines some other first aid situations and the relevant procedures. Select the links to extend your knowledge.

First aid situation	Procedures	Additional resources
Tick toxicity	SEEK ASSISTANCE Remove the tick as soon as possible	The Ultimate Guide to Tick Paralysis (everything you need to know) What Does a Paralysis Tick Look Like? (0:34 min) Tick Paralysis: Signs and symptoms (1:56 min) What is tick paralysis? (0:59 min)
Snake envenomation	SEEK ASSISTANCE Immobilise the limb and the whole animal if possible Seek veterinary treatment immediately	Snake Bite First Aid For Dogs & Cats Save Your Pets From A Snake Bite | First Aid Tips | Your Vet Online (18:55 min) Tic Tac the Chihuahua-Maltese X was bitten by a brown snake (4:23 min)
Cardiac arrest	SEEK ASSISTANCE Do not attempt CPR yourself Seek veterinary treatment immediately	Dog CPR - How to resuscitate your pet | First Aid for Pets (4:32)
Ingestion of toxins	SEEK ASSISTANCE Do not attempt to induce vomiting yourself Seek veterinary treatment immediately

Transport the animal safely

Once you have provided first aid to the animal, you must then transport it to the veterinary facility for full treatment.

Moving and transporting an animal is risky because it can cause injury to both the animal and the first aider if not done appropriately. Unless the animal is present at an animal clinic or hospital, you will likely need to move the animal into a vehicle, then transport it to a veterinary facility.

In many first aid situations, the animal should not be encouraged to walk to the vehicle. They should be carried. So, remember your manual handling techniques and take care when you pick up and carry an animal. Ask for assistance to move large, heavy, awkward or aggressive animals.

The specific techniques needed to move and transport the animal will depend on the species involved. For example, a possum could be transported in a hessian bag, while an injured horse may require a horse float. However, two key aspects to consider when transporting an injured or ill animal are:

1. Minimising movement and providing support to reduce further injury
2. Reducing stress.

If possible, call ahead to make sure the veterinary facility knows you are on your way and are ready for the animal’s arrival.

Minimise movement

If you suspect spinal injury or are not confident about transporting the animal, do not attempt to move the animal until you have spoken to a vet.

As a rough guide, if the animal weighs more than about 15 kg, ask for assistance to move them (pdsa 2020). Where possible, use a flat, firm surface, such as wood, thick cardboard or thick material, as a stretcher to provide support to the animal as you move it. It may be appropriate to strap the animal to the stretcher. X-rays will pass through most non-metallic materials, which means the animal won’t need to be moved once it arrives at the clinic or hospital (Linklater A. 2020).

The following steps are a general guide to moving an injured animal into a vehicle. Specific situations may require different techniques.

1. Throughout the process, talk calmly and reassuringly to the animal.
2. Support the head, neck and back by placing one arm under their head and shoulder and the other under their pelvis. Two people may be required to lift larger animals.
3. Slowly and smoothly, with no jerky movements, lift the animal onto the support. When choosing a stretcher, make sure it is large and strong enough to support the whole animal.
4. Check the path to the vehicle is clear and safe.
5. Get a firm grip on all four corners of the stretcher if you are transporting a small animal. If two or more people are required to lift the animal, make sure everyone involved has a clear understanding of their role in the process so you can work together.
6. Bend your knees and slowly life the animal by the stretcher.
7. Walk slowly to the vehicle trying not to jolt the animal.
8. Place the animal in the vehicle and secure them with seatbelts, towels, or clothing to provide padding so they do not move around during transport (pdsa 2020).

“Animals with altered mentation after trauma should be transported with the head level with the body or elevated 20 degrees. There should not be any jerking or thrashing motions, and manipulations of the neck or occlusion of the jugular veins should be avoided” (Linklater A. 2020).

Watch

Examine the following video, ‘Getting a dog safely in and out of the car’ (1:57 min).

Minimise stress

Ill and injured animals are at risk of shock. The additional stress of being moved and transported increases that risk. So, it is critical that you try to minimise this risk as much as possible through handling them animal as little passible and by using appropriate handling when you do. Be aware of where the pain or injuries are and do not touch the animal in that area.

An understanding of additional stressors for specific species can help. For example, “cats can be placed in dark boxes to minimize stress during transport; the box should have holes large enough so that the cat can be observed and to allow adequate fresh air” (Linklater A. 2020).

Wrapping or padding the animal with towels or blankets helps to keep the animal warm, reducing the impact of shock, as well as supporting them and protecting them from jolts during transport. However, consider the ambient temperature of the vehicle. You may need to turn on the heating or air conditioning to make sure the animal does not suffer hypothermia or heatstroke.

Minimising noise (turn the radio off in the vehicle) and making it dark for the animal, such as placing the animal in a dark room or placing a cover over their box can also help reduce the animal’s stress and impact of shock. However, make sure the animal always has access to fresh air. Do not cover the animal’s head at all if they are not breathing well.

First aid assistance

It is critical that you seek assistance to provide first aid to animals if you require it. A medical emergency is not the time to guess or struggle on your own. Persisting without assistance may result in further injury to the animal, or harm to yourself.

Some reasons for seeking assistance may include asking for:

• advice about a first aid treatment
• advice about a specific animal such as a native animal or exotic pet
• help moving a large or heavy animal
• help securing or restraining an animal
• someone to direct traffic
• assistance with a first aid treatment you are not qualified to administer, such as CPR.

Where to seek first aid assistance

The type of assistance you need will depend on the emergency at hand, the species of animal and the location of the incident. For example, if the patient presents at a veterinary clinic, you will have vets and vet nurses on had to assist and give advice. However, if you are in the field or somewhere with limited access to medical supplies and equipment, you may need to rely on phone calls to professionals or the general public for assistance.

Some examples of different facilitiy/ service assistance may include: 

Emergency Veterinary Care	Provides 24/7 services for critical situations like severe bleeding, fractures, poisoning, or breathing difficulties. Often includes triage, stabilisation, and intensive care for animals in critical condition.
Surgery and Surgical Facilities	Includes facilities for emergency surgeries such as wound repair, fracture setting, or life-saving operations like abdominal surgeries. May also involve specialised surgeons for complex procedures.
Diagnostic Imaging Services	Utilises X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs to diagnose internal injuries, fractures, or foreign bodies. Imaging is critical for assessing trauma or locating issues that aren’t visible externally.
Poison Control and Toxicology	Specialised care for animals who have ingested or been exposed to toxic substances (e.g., medications, plants, chemicals). May involve activated charcoal treatments, induced vomiting, or intravenous fluids.
Cardiology Services	Provides support for animals experiencing cardiac-related emergencies, such as irregular heartbeats, heart failure, or collapse. Includes diagnostic and monitoring equipment like ECG machines, as well as specialised treatment plans.
Intensive Care Unit (ICU)	For animals needing constant monitoring, such as those in shock or respiratory distress. ICUs are equipped with ventilators, oxygen therapy, and specialised staff to manage critical conditions around the clock.
Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease Control	Addresses illnesses caused by infections or underlying medical conditions. Includes treatment for zoonotic diseases and conditions requiring quarantine or isolation.
Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation	For emergencies involving broken bones, joint dislocations, or severe musculoskeletal injuries. May include rehabilitation services for recovery, such as physical therapy.
Anaesthesia and Pain Management	Provides pain relief and anaesthesia for animals in severe pain or undergoing emergency procedures. Crucial for maintaining the animal’s comfort and stability during critical care.
Ophthalmology Services	Emergency care for eye injuries, infections, or sudden vision loss. Ophthalmologists manage cases that may require specialised procedures to preserve vision.
Exotics and Wildlife Specialist Care	Veterinarians are trained to handle emergencies in exotic animals, such as reptiles, birds, or wildlife. Includes knowledge of unique physiology and specialised equipment suited to various exotic species.
Neurology Services	For animals with neurological issues such as seizures, paralysis, or head trauma. Neurologists conduct assessments and may perform procedures such as spinal taps or brain imaging.
Dermatology and Wound Care	Handles emergency skin-related issues, such as burns, severe cuts, or infections. Veterinarians can clean, dress, and treat wounds to promote healing and prevent infection.
Laboratory and Pathology Services	On-site labs can run tests like blood panels or toxin screens to quickly diagnose issues. Pathology services may be needed to understand complex or systemic conditions.
End-of-Life and Palliative Care	Provides humane euthanasia or palliative treatments for animals in severe distress or pain. Compassionate care to support animals and their owners through end-of-life decisions.

Watch 

The next video is an explanation video of a vet service that is located in Sydney NSW. SASH (Small Animal Specialist Hospital), which is famous for being featured on Bondi Vet, is opening a new state-of-the-art facility providing 24-hour emergency care and a range of specialties. Watch the demonstration. 

 

Qualified assistance

Regardless of whether the incident takes place in an animal medical facility or not, you can seek qualified assistance from people who are trained in animal medical care. If they are available in person, such as the vet doing routine health checks in a stable, speak to them directly. They will be able to provide you with both verbal advice and hands-on assistance if you require it.

If no qualified staff are present, you can simply call them. A mobile phone is a critical piece of equipment for first aid. People you can call in an emergency include, but are not limited to:

• your supervisor
• a veterinary
• an animal hospital
• a registered wildlife carer or care facility
• rangers
• state and local government emergency services
• animal welfare bodies and support facilities.

Who you should call will depend on the specific situation. It’s a good idea to keep relevant numbers on speed dial and/or attached to your first aid kit for easy reference. Remember, that if you are travelling to a new location, look up and record the animal emergency numbers specific to that area before you leave. It will save precious time should you need to contact any of them. Phone numbers for local wildlife rescue and care facilities are often displayed on road signs.

At the very least, you will need to notify the animal medical facility that you will arrive with a patient and provide them with the specific information relevant to the situation. Every animal must be attended by a veterinary following first aid treatment, regardless of the type of emergency.

Animal emergency network contact details

There are many different animal care facilities across Australia that make up the animal emergency network. It is important to be familiar with the emergency care facilities in your local area. The following table described the five main types of animal emergency network organisations and includes an example of each type.

Animal emergency network	Description	Example
Veterinary services	During business hours, all veterinary clinics will provide advice for first aid emergencies and receive emergency patients if they are equipped for the species and specific emergency.	Kings Road Veterinary Surgery Phone: (07) 4772 4189 After Hours: 0455 420 807 Shop 3, 36 - 48 Kings Road, Hyde Park, QLD, 4812 https://kingsroadvetsurgery.com.au/
Emergency and after-hours veterinary clinics	These clinics specialise in emergency treatments and are staffed outside of normal business hours, sometimes 24-hours a day	Perth Vet Emergency Phone: 1300 040 400 Unit 3, 162 Wanneroo Road, Yokine, WA, 6060 https://pve.net.au/
Wildlife rescue and care facilities	Many normal veterinary clinics are not equipped to care for wildlife. Wildlife rescue and care facilities and registered wildlife carers are trained and experienced with the specific care needs of Australian wildlife	NSW Wildlife Information Rescue and Education Service (WIRES) Wildlife Rescue Line: 1300 094 737 https://www.wires.org.au/contact/contact-us
Animal welfare bodies and support facilities	Animal welfare bodies provide advice and guidance regarding breaches of the animal welfare principles. You may need to speak to one regarding an animal you suspect of being abused or neglected	RSPCA South Australia 24-hour hotline: 1300 477 722 https://www.rspcasa.org.au/
State and local government emergency services relevant to animal incidents	State and local governments have emergency phone numbers to report animal incidents or call for emergency services relating to animals.	Wildlife Victoria – report a wildlife emergency form https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/wildlife-information/report-a-wildlife-emergency

Veterinary clinics are quite common in urban areas and medium to large rural towns but may be rarer in remote areas. Wildlife rescue organisations tend to be state- or territory-based. Some examples of wildlife rescue centres include:

• WIRES (New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory)
• Wildlife Rescue Queensland
• Australian Wildlife Health Centre (Victoria)
• Foundation for National Parks and Wildlife (South Australia)
• Native Animal Rescue (Western Australia)
• Bonorong Wildlife Rescue (Tasmania)

 

Here are some examples of qualified veterinary services across Australia that people can call in case of an animal emergency. These services offer various types of emergency and specialised care:

Animal Emergency Service (AES)	Locations: Brisbane, Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast, and surrounding areas in Queensland Services: 24/7 emergency and critical care for pets, with advanced diagnostics, surgery, and ICU facilities. Contact: 1300 838 868 Website: aes.org.au
Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre (MVSC)	Locations: Glen Waverley and Essendon, Victoria Services: Emergency and critical care, surgery, oncology, and internal medicine. MVSC offers specialist services and emergency care in a dedicated 24-hour facility. Contact: (03) 9887 8844 Website: melbvet.com.au
Small Animal Specialist Hospital (SASH)	Locations: Sydney, Central Coast, and Adelaide Services: 24-hour emergency care, internal medicine, surgery, neurology, and cardiology, among others. SASH provides extensive specialist and critical care services. Contact: Sydney (02) 9889 0289, Central Coast (02) 4311 1311, Adelaide (08) 8371 0333 Website: sashvets.com
University of Sydney Veterinary Teaching Hospital	Location: Camperdown, New South Wales Services: Emergency services, specialist care, and diagnostic imaging, with 24/7 emergency care and access to experts in various fields. Contact: (02) 9351 3437 Website: sydney.edu.au/vetscience
Adelaide Animal Emergency & Referral Centre (AAERC)	Location: Norwood, South Australia Services: 24-hour emergency care, internal medicine, surgery, and critical care, with specialised equipment and staff. Contact: (08) 8371 0333 Website: aaerc.com.au
Perth Veterinary Specialists	Location: Osborne Park, Western Australia Services: Emergency care, surgery, oncology, and more, with a 24-hour emergency centre and a team of specialists. Contact: (08) 9204 0400 Website: perthvetspecialists.com.au
Animal Referral Hospital (ARH)	Locations: Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney Services: Emergency, critical care, internal medicine, surgery, oncology, and more across multiple locations. ARH operates as a 24/7 emergency service. Contact: Brisbane (07) 3172 0593, Canberra (02) 6280 6344, Melbourne (03) 9379 0700, Sydney (02) 9758 8666 Website: arhvets.com
University of Queensland Veterinary Medical Centre	Location: Gatton, Queensland Services: Emergency services, intensive care, surgery, and access to veterinary specialists in a teaching hospital setting. Contact: (07) 5460 1788 Website: gatton.uq.edu.au
Pet Emergency & Specialist Centre (PESC)	Location: Malvern East, Victoria Services: 24-hour emergency and critical care, surgery, internal medicine, and rehabilitation services. Contact: (03) 9569 3677 Website: petemergency.com.au
Northside Emergency Veterinary Service (NEVS)	Location: Terrey Hills, Sydney, New South Wales Services: 24/7 emergency services with advanced critical care, diagnostics, and experienced emergency veterinarians. Contact: (02) 9452 2933 Website: nevs.net.au

Unqualified assistance

You can also seek assistance from unqualified people, such as the owner of the animal or even people passing by. However, you would not seek advice from unqualified people. Rather, you would ask for physical assistance with handling or providing first aid to the animal.

Why can this be an issue? 

1. Administering Medications Without Veterinary Approval Giving human or over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen, paracetamol, or aspirin to animals can be toxic and lead to serious health issues. Using antibiotics without understanding the appropriate dose can lead to antibiotic resistance or adverse reactions.

2. Improperly Bandaging or Splinting Injuries Applying a bandage or splint too tightly or incorrectly can cut off circulation or worsen an injury. Using unsterile materials leads to infection or additional complications.

3. Forcing an Animal to Eat or Drink Attempting to feed or water an animal in shock, unconscious, or in pain can increase the risk of choking or aspiration. Ignoring that some animals should not eat or drink before certain treatments or surgeries could complicate their condition.

4. Inappropriate Handling or Restraint Techniques Handling an injured animal without knowledge of safe restraint can lead to bites, scratches, or worsening of injuries. Using excessive force or incorrect restraint methods, causing unnecessary stress, pain, or further physical harm.

5. Improperly Cleaning Wounds Using harsh substances like alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or iodine directly on wounds without dilution can cause tissue damage. Not cleaning wounds properly leads to an increased risk of infection.

6. Attempting to Relocate or Move Severely Injured Animals Moving an animal with suspected fractures, spinal injuries, or internal trauma without proper stabilisation or support can exacerbate injuries. Not using proper lifting techniques leads to additional injury to both the person and the animal.

7. Providing Respiratory Assistance Incorrectly Attempting CPR or artificial respiration without training can cause injury or be ineffective. Misunderstanding the specific requirements of CPR for different species potentially leads to harm rather than aid.

8. Using Inappropriate or Dangerous Tools for Restraint Using makeshift equipment (e.g., broom handles, ropes) instead of proper restraints leading to injury or stress. Using collars, harnesses, or other equipment incorrectly, potentially causing harm or restricting breathing.

9. Misjudging the Severity of Symptoms Not recognising symptoms like shock, heatstroke, or poisoning, which require immediate, specialised care. Underestimating the urgency of the situation, leading to a delay in seeking qualified veterinary help.

10. Attempting to Extract Foreign Objects Without Professional Help Removing embedded objects, such as glass shards or porcupine quills, could lead to additional bleeding, infection, or tissue damage. Ignoring the potential need for sedation, pain relief, or surgical tools to remove the object safely.

11. Ignoring Safe Practices for Zoonotic Diseases Handling animals with suspected zoonotic infections (e.g., rabies, ringworm) without protective equipment risks disease transmission. Failing to understand proper quarantine or hygiene practices increases risks for other animals and people.

The importance of oral communication skills

When asking for advice or physical assistance, recall your active listening and other communication skills from earlier in this module.

1. Speak clearly and calmly
2. Be specific about the assistance you require:
   1. Do you need advice? What specific information do you need?
   2. Do you need hands-on assistance? What specific task do you need the other person to do?
3. Actively listen to the responses from the person you are seeking assistance from:
   1. Do they understand the assistance you require?
   2. Do they have any questions for you?
   3. Do you understand the advice they are providing?
   4. Do you have any other questions?

 

Key Aspects of Active Listening:

• Focusing Completely: Active listening means setting aside distractions and focusing entirely on the speaker. This can involve maintaining eye contact, nodding, and using other non-verbal cues to show engagement.
• Understanding and Reflecting: An active listener often paraphrases or reflects back what the speaker has said to ensure understanding and show they are following along. For example, saying, "So what I hear you saying is…" can clarify and confirm details.
• Withholding Judgment: Active listening involves being open-minded and refraining from passing judgment or interrupting with one’s own opinions. This helps the speaker feel safe and understood, encouraging them to share more openly.
• Responding Thoughtfully: Rather than giving an immediate, reactive response, active listeners consider the speaker’s message and reply in a thoughtful, empathetic way. They ask relevant questions or offer supportive comments that show their attentiveness.

 

Why Active Listening Matters
Active listening fosters mutual respect, strengthens trust, and creates a positive, open environment for communication. It is especially valuable in settings where understanding others deeply—such as in healthcare, counselling, or team-based work environments—is essential. It’s a critical skill for resolving conflicts, building relationships, and ensuring that everyone involved feels valued and understood.

Keep relevant staff informed about the animal’s condition

After administering first aid, you should monitor the animal and keep your supervisor, veterinarian or other appropriate personnel informed about their condition. If you notice any changes in the animal’s condition, especially any deterioration in the condition, you must report it immediately.

The three general updates regarding animal condition are:

• Deterioration (getting worse)
• Improvements (getting better)
• No change.

While verbal updates may be appropriate, you should also record all observations and interactions with the animal.

These records must be concise and accurate, noting all the relevant details in the appropriate locations. Forms must be completed in full and should be safely stored in the appropriate area.

When communicating verbally, make sure to speak clearly and calmly. However, do not downplay the seriousness of the situation, particularly if the animal’s condition is worsening and they need immediate veterinary attention.

Recall the different levels of emergency. If your first aid treatment stabilises the animal, the emergency may be downgraded. However, if the animal starts to deteriorate or you notice a new symptom, the emergency may be upgraded to a life-threatening situation. You must inform your supervisor or the vet that they need to attend the animal immediately.

Recording information about the animal or incident

Every animal care facility will have different methods and technology for recording information. You will need to learn the procedures and systems that relate to your organisation in terms of what information should be recorded, as well as how and where. These instructions should be provided to you upon induction. If you are at all unsure of the requirements relating to recording procedures, systems and/or technology, discuss these with your supervisor. Your organisation should also keep up to date policies and procedures relating to health and safety and emergency situations.

What information to record

The type of detail you need to record will depend on your workplace procedures. For example, the details of the first aid treatment you provided, which you need to record may be different if you are working in a boarding facility compared to if you are working in a veterinary clinic. You may be required to complete an incident report or contribute to the animal's medical records. As always, follow the procedures of your specific workplace.

Remember that the point of recording information is to allow anyone who reads it the ability to “understand what took place and why” (Risk HQ n.d.). So, make sure the information you include is relevant and concise, while being detailed enough to describe the situation properly.

You should also ensure that all information is recorded:

• Accurately
• Objectively (in other words, factually without including emotive language or personal opinion)
• Using appropriate industry terminology and abbreviations.

 

Below are some examples of ways that you may be documenting information at your animal care facility. 

1. Handwritten Notes and Paper Records	Method: Recording information in notebooks, on printed forms, or in dedicated logbooks. Technology: None required, though paper-based filing systems and storage solutions help with organisation. Advantages: Simple, low-tech, and accessible in areas without electronic access; allows for quick jotting down of details.
2. Digital Forms and Spreadsheets	Method: Entering information into digital forms, templates, or spreadsheets on computers or tablets. Technology: Spreadsheet software (like Excel or Google Sheets), digital forms (Google Forms, Microsoft Forms). Advantages: Easy to organise, analyse, and share; can be password-protected for security; good for structured data entry.
3. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and Animal Management Software	Method: Recording detailed information about individual animals, their health, treatments, and care needs. Technology: Animal-specific management software like ezyVet, Smart Flow, and AVImark. Advantages: Consolidates all data on animals in one place, often with easy access to medical histories, vaccination records, and medication schedules.
4. Mobile Apps for Record-Keeping	Method: Using apps on smartphones or tablets to capture data in real-time. Technology: Apps like Zoho Forms, AnimalCare, or custom-made apps for facility-specific needs. Advantages: Portable and convenient for fieldwork; allows immediate recording and reduces delays in data entry.
5. Voice Recorders and Speech-to-Text Tools	Method: Recording spoken notes or using software to convert speech into text. Technology: Voice recording apps (like Voice Memos), speech-to-text software (Dragon NaturallySpeaking, Otter.ai). Advantages: Useful when hands-free documentation is needed; saves time on writing, especially for longer notes.
6. Video and Photography	Method: Capturing images or videos for visual documentation. Technology: Cameras, smartphones, or tablets with photo and video capabilities. Advantages: Provides a visual record, which is particularly useful for tracking changes over time, such as wound healing or physical development.
7. Digital Whiteboards or Smartboards	Method: Recording collaborative information or brainstorming during meetings, often saved digitally for later reference. Technology: Smartboards, interactive whiteboards, or digital whiteboard apps (like Miro or Jamboard). Advantages: Useful for team collaboration; records can be saved, shared, and accessed later
8. Barcoding and RFID Scanning Systems	Method: Using barcodes or RFID tags for tracking items or animals, often with automated record updates. Technology: Barcode scanners, RFID readers, animal-specific software. Advantages: Provides quick, error-free identification and tracking, especially in large facilities or farms.
9. Cloud-Based Record Systems	Method: Storing and accessing records on the cloud, allowing for remote access and collaboration. Technology: Google Drive, Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive, or specialised cloud software. Advantages: Accessible from multiple devices and locations; good for collaborative settings with multiple team members.
10. Sensor-Based Monitoring Systems	Method: Using sensors to automatically record physiological or environmental data. Technology: Wearable animal sensors (for temperature, movement, heart rate), environmental sensors (for humidity, temperature). Advantages: Provides real-time, continuous data without manual intervention; useful for tracking animal welfare and environmental conditions.

 

Incident reporting

Information collected about the animal incident may be helpful in preventing a similar incident in the future. Follow your workplace recording and emergency procedures regarding the specific information you need to record about the incident.

Common details include:

• The date, time and location of the incident (location is particularly important for wildlife rescues so that animal can be returned to the same location)
• The name, species, sex and age of the animal involved
• Details of the injury or illness
• Details about the first aid treatment that was given
• Details about what happened to the animal after first aid treatment (for example, stayed at home or attended local veterinary or emergency clinic)
• Name and signature of the first aider (RT Training n.d.).

 

Below, see an example of an Incident Report Template. As explained every facility/ workplace will have different forms suitable to their service and clinic. 

Incident Report Form
Date of Incident:
Time of Incident:
Location of Incident:
Nature of Incident (select all that apply):	Bite Scratch Escape Fall/Injury Equipment malfunction Other (describe): [ ]
Description of Incident: [Provide a detailed account of the events leading up to the incident, what occurred, and any notable details.]
Animal(s) Involved:	Species: [ ] Breed: [ ] Name/ID: [ ] Age: [ ]
Injuries and Medical Attention:	Injuries sustained (describe): [ ] First aid administered: [ ] Follow-up treatment required: [ ]
Witnesses:	Name(s) and contact information: [ ] [ ] Witness Statements (if applicable): [ ]
Possible Causes: [Describe any potential causes of the incident, such as environmental factors, animal behaviour, or equipment issues.]
Preventative Actions and Recommendations: Immediate actions taken: [ ] Recommended changes to prevent similar incidents: [ ]
Incident Reporter Information:	Name: [ ] Role: [ ] Date and Time of Report Completion: [ ] Signature: ____________________

Medical records

After providing basic first aid to animals, you may need to ensure you accurately record any treatment provided to the animal along with any other observations or additional information relevant to the treatment of the animal.

Medical records must be concise and accurate, noting all the relevant medical details in the appropriate sections. Forms must be completed in full and should be safely stored in the appropriate area.

Your workplace may have a specific first aid incident report form. However, if you don’t have access to a form, include the following details in your medical records:

• Assessment of physical condition:
  • Breathing
  • Demeanour
  • External injuries
  • Hydration status
  • Ambulation
• Assessment of vital signs:
  • Temperature
  • Heart rate
  • Pulse rate
  • Respiratory rate
  • Mucous membranes
• Any known allergies or medications
• Any known medical history
• Description of signs and symptoms
• Description of the first aid treatment(s) provided.

 

Below is an example of a Medical Record Template. Again, every facility/ clinic will have their own template. 

Medical Record Template
1. Animal Information	Animal ID/Name: [ ] Species: [ ] Breed: [ ] Age: [ ] Gender: [ ] Weight: [ ] Microchip Number: [ ]
2. Owner Information (if applicable)	Owner Name: [ ] Contact Number: [ ] Address: [ ] Email Address: [ ]
3. Presenting Complaint / Reason for Visit	Primary Complaint: [ ] Duration of Symptoms: [ ] Additional Observations (if any): [ ]
4. Medical History	Previous Conditions / Diagnoses: [ ] Vaccination History: [ ] Deworming History: [ ] Recent Treatments / Medications: [ ] Surgery History: [ ] Allergies (if any): [ ]
5. Examination Notes	Temperature: [ ] Heart Rate: [ ] Respiratory Rate: [ ] Mucous Membranes (Colour/Capillary Refill): [ ] General Appearance / Demeanour: [ ] Eyes / Ears / Nose / Mouth Observations: [ ] Skin / Coat Condition: [ ] Weight / Body Condition: [ ] Abdominal Palpation: [ ] Pain Assessment (if applicable): [ ] Other Notes: [ ]
6. Diagnosis	Primary Diagnosis: [ ] Secondary Diagnoses (if any): [ ] Additional Comments on Diagnosis: [ ]
7. Treatment Plan	Medications: Name: [ ] Dosage: [ ] Frequency: [ ] Duration: [ ] Procedures: Description: [ ] Date: [ ] Outcome / Notes: [ ] Therapy (if applicable): Type: [ ] Frequency: [ ] Additional Notes: [ ] Other Recommendations: [ ]
8. Follow-Up Instructions	Next Appointment Date: [ ] Home Care Instructions: [ ] Signs to Watch For: [ ] Emergency Contact Number: [ ]
9. Progress Notes (for ongoing visits)	Date: [ ] Treatment / Progress Notes: [ ] Attending Veterinarian / Technician Signature: [ ]
10. Laboratory / Diagnostic Results (if applicable)	Date of Test: [ ] Test Type: [ ] Results: [ ] Interpretation / Comments: [ ]
11. Veterinarian / Staff Information	Attending Veterinarian Name: [ ] Technician(s) / Assistant(s): [ ] Date of Record Entry: [ ] Signature: [ ]

You are likely to assess the animal’s vital signs repeatedly during its first aid treatment, transportation and monitoring. You may find it easiest to record these data in a table, such as the one following, noting the times at which you assessed them.

Time	Temperature (°C)	Heart rate (bpm)	Pulse rate (bpm)	Respiratory rate (bpm)	CRT

Other records

In an animal care facility, maintaining comprehensive records is essential for tracking animal health, ensuring safety, and managing facility operations. Here are some other types of records you might need to complete:

Daily Observation Logs Notes on each animal’s behaviour, appetite, elimination, and general appearance. Useful for monitoring health changes and identifying early signs of illness.

Feeding and Nutrition Records Type, amount, and frequency of food provided to each animal. Any special dietary needs or supplements.

Enrichment and Activity Logs Types of enrichment activities or toys provided. Responses or interactions observed during enrichment activities.

Cleaning and Sanitation Records Frequency and methods of cleaning enclosures, equipment, and common areas. Any special sanitation procedures following illness outbreaks.

Medical Treatment Logs Detailed notes on treatments administered (e.g., medication, physical therapy). Dosage, route, frequency, and any observed side effects or improvements.

Vaccination and Preventative Care Records Dates and types of vaccinations given. Records of other preventive care, such as flea, tick, or deworming treatments.

Incident Reports Documentation of accidents, injuries, or unusual behaviour incidents. Includes details on causes, responses, and follow-up actions.

Intake and History Forms Information on new animals entering the facility, including medical history, previous care, and behavioural notes. Ownership details, if applicable.

Adoption or Rehoming Records (for rescues and shelters) Records of animals placed for adoption or rehomed. Contact details of new owners, adoption agreements, and follow-up checks.

Behavioural Assessment Reports Observations on each animal’s temperament, interactions with people and other animals. Notes on any specific training or behavioural modification plans.

Weight and Growth Charts Regular weight measurements and growth tracking. Useful for monitoring animal health, especially for young or recovering animals.

Inventory Records for Supplies Logs of food, medications, bedding, and other supplies. Inventory tracking helps ensure adequate stock and allows for timely reordering.

Equipment Maintenance Logs Documentation of regular checks, cleaning, and repair of equipment. Ensures that equipment like scales, medical tools, and feeding devices are functioning correctly.

Pathology Reports Detailed reports on lab tests, diagnostic imaging, or necropsies if conducted. Helps with diagnosing illnesses and guides treatment plans.

Animal Transfer and Transport Logs Records of animals transported to other facilities or locations. Details of transport conditions, carrier type, and travel duration.

Volunteer and Staff Training Logs Records of completed training and competency checks. Ensures staff and volunteers are prepared for handling specific animals or tasks.

Temperature and Environment Control Logs Daily logs of enclosure temperatures, humidity, and other environmental factors. Crucial for species with specific habitat needs (e.g., reptiles).

Legal and Compliance Records Documentation required for compliance with local regulations, permits, and inspection records. Important for auditing purposes and regulatory adherence.

Another place you may need to record information about the incident or the animal is a surrendering form for wildlife, strays or other rescued animals. The following is an example of a typical wildlife surrender form.

Wildlife Surrender Form
Your details:
Title	Ms
First name	Vivian
Last name	Nguyen
Contact number	0401 222 333
Rescue location:
Street number
Street name	Lower Dandenong Road
Suburb	Braeside
Postcode	3195
Is this your home address? (Y/N)	N
Is this where you found the animal?	Y
Any other details	Found on the verge between the northern boundary of Braeside Park and the road
Animal rescue details:
Species/breed	Wombat
Description of the animal's condition	Unconscious HR 58 bpm RR 8 bpm – laboured Bleeding from right ear, 6cm wound on right shoulder No obvious broken bones detected
Description of first aid provided	Bleeding controlled with bandages, kept warm.

Pablo the dog

Animal name: Pablo Owner name: Brown Owner number: 0400 100 100

Species: Canine Breed: Beagle Age: 4 months Life stage: Puppy

Colour: Black and tan Sex: Male; entire Weight: 4.2 kg

Heath problem: Suspected closed fracture and spinal injury.

Sarah works at ABC Kennels and works in the doggie daycare room.

Two large dogs were playing roughly when Pablo joined in. One of the larger dogs fell awkwardly on to Pablo. Sarah heard a loud squeal and saw Pablo lying on his side when the larger dog moved away.

After calling for assistance to manage the other dogs in the play area, Sarah quickly assessed Pablo’s condition. He was panting and whining quietly, she also observed that he was shivering and lip smacking. He also made no attempt to stand. When feeling his limbs, Sarah saw Pablo noticeably flinch when she touched his back right leg.

Concerned he may have also hurt his spine, Sarah did not encourage Pablo to stand and, although he was small enough for her to easily pick up and carry, she decided it would be safer for him to use a stretcher.

Once Sarah had moved Pablo out of the play area and into the first aid room, she applied a conforming bandage to his injured leg and called the veterinary clinic. While she was waiting for the veterinarian to arrive, Sarah stayed with him keeping him calm by reassuring him in a gentle voice and made sure he was comfortable and warm.

Max, a playful 2-year-old Labrador, arrives at Happy Paws after his owner notices a deep cut on his front paw, likely from stepping on broken glass. Max is limping, his paw is bleeding, and he’s showing signs of discomfort and mild anxiety.

Step 1: Assessing the Situation and Securing the Scene

Upon arrival, Sarah, an animal care attendant, sees that Max is anxious but cooperative. She puts on gloves, calmly approaches him, and reassures him with a gentle voice. Sarah: "Hey, Max, it's okay, buddy. We’re going to take good care of you." Sarah ensures that the area around Max is clean and free of anything that might further stress or injure him. She observes Max’s breathing, which is steady, and notes that he isn’t displaying signs of severe shock.

Step 2: Initial First Aid Assessment

Sarah uses her first aid training to assess the injury, deciding that pressure is needed to stop the bleeding. She gently examines the paw while keeping Max calm with soothing words. Sarah: “Max, you’re doing great! This might sting a little, but you’re such a brave boy.”

Step 3: Providing First Aid

Sarah follows the following first aid steps: Control Bleeding She applies a clean gauze pad with gentle pressure on the wound to stop the bleeding. After a few minutes, she carefully removes the gauze to check the wound. Clean the Wound Using a mild antiseptic solution, Sarah cleans around the cut to reduce the risk of infection. She ensures not to pour directly into the wound, as this could cause Max distress. Bandage the Paw Sarah wraps the paw in a sterile dressing to protect it. She uses medical tape to secure the dressing, ensuring it’s not too tight. Monitor for Shock or Pain Sarah keeps an eye on Max’s behaviour, checking his heart rate by placing her fingers on his chest. His heart rate is slightly elevated, but he seems stable.

Step 4: Communicating with the Owner and Veterinary Referral

After providing first aid, Sarah calls Dr. Allen, the in-house veterinarian, to assess whether stitches are needed. Sarah: “Hi, Dr. Allen, we have Max here, a 2-year-old Labrador. He has a cut on his front paw from glass. I’ve cleaned and bandaged it, but I think it’s deep enough to need stitches. Could you take a look?” Dr. Allen agrees to see Max immediately. Meanwhile, Sarah updates the owner, explaining the situation and providing reassurance. Sarah: “Max’s cut is under control, and he’s been so brave! Dr. Allen will take a look to see if stitches are needed. We’ll keep you updated and make sure he’s comfortable.”

Step 5: Record Keeping

Sarah documents the incident in Max’s medical file and completes an incident report. The record includes details of the injury, first aid steps, observations, and the vet referral. Below is an example of the documentation.

 

Incident Report
Animal Name:	Max
Species/Breed:	Dog / Labrador
Date/Time of Incident:	Date: 25/12/2024 Time: 3:50pm
Injury Description:	Deep cut on left front paw, bleeding observed
First Aid Steps Taken:	Applied pressure to control bleeding Cleaned wound with antiseptic Bandaged with sterile dressing
Observations:	Stable heart rate; mild anxiety noted Owner notified and updated
Referral:	Referred to Dr. Allen for further assessment and potential stitches.
Staff Member:	Sarah Johnson

 

Max’s first aid was completed successfully, thanks to prompt action, clear communication, and detailed record-keeping. This case study exemplifies the essential steps in animal first aid, demonstrating Sarah’s skills in injury assessment, providing care, communicating with the veterinarian and owner, and maintaining thorough records.

 

 

 

 

 

 

A horse named Dusty, a 6-year-old gelding, is found in his paddock with a deep laceration on his right hind leg. The wound is bleeding, and Dusty appears distressed and hesitant to put weight on the injured leg. Katie, an experienced horse handler at Happy Paws, is alerted by another staff member.

Step 1: Assessing the Situation and Securing the Scene

Katie quickly assesses the environment to ensure safety. She removes any nearby objects that could cause further injury and keeps other animals away. Katie speaks in a calm, reassuring tone to help Dusty relax. Katie: “Hey, Dusty, easy there, big guy. Let’s get you feeling better. You’re safe now.” Katie approaches Dusty slowly, gauging his reaction to avoid startling him. She is mindful of her positioning to prevent herself from being kicked, staying slightly to the side of his hindquarters.

Step 2: Initial First Aid Assessment

Katie examines Dusty’s wound, noting that the bleeding is steady but not excessive. She carefully checks his vital signs, looking for any signs of shock. Dusty’s breathing is slightly elevated, but his heart rate is within normal limits.

Step 3: Providing First Aid

Katie applies first aid using the following steps: Control Bleeding She applies pressure with a clean cloth to the wound to help control the bleeding, holding it in place until the bleeding slows. Cleaning the Wound Once the bleeding is under control, Katie carefully rinses the area with a saline solution to reduce the risk of infection. She avoids using any harsh antiseptics that could irritate the open wound. Bandaging the Leg Katie wraps the wound with a sterile dressing, making sure it’s snug but not too tight. She uses vet wrap to secure the bandage in place, ensuring that Dusty will be comfortable while keeping the wound protected. Monitoring for Shock Katie monitors Dusty’s behaviour and vital signs throughout, noting any signs of distress. Dusty appears more relaxed, which indicates that he’s not in severe shock.

Step 4: Communicating with the Vet and Other Staff Members

Katie calls the on-call veterinarian, Dr. Foster, to arrange for a more detailed examination and possible stitches. Katie: “Hi, Dr. Foster. I’ve got Dusty here with a laceration on his hind leg. The bleeding is controlled, and I’ve wrapped it, but I think stitches might be necessary. Can you come by to assess him?” After coordinating with Dr. Foster, Katie updates the other staff members to inform them of Dusty’s condition and what to watch for in his behaviour and comfort level. She also reassures Dusty’s owner by providing a summary of the first aid steps taken and the plan for veterinary care. Katie to Staff: “Dusty’s leg is injured, so be mindful when entering his paddock. He’s bandaged for now, and Dr. Foster is on the way.” Katie to Owner: “Dusty’s leg has been cleaned and wrapped. We’ve controlled the bleeding, and the vet is on the way to assess if he’ll need stitches. He’s calm, and we’re monitoring him closely.”

Step 5: Record Keeping

Katie documents the incident in Dusty’s medical records, noting the details of the injury, the first aid administered, observations of his behaviour, and the veterinary referral.

 

Incident Report
Animal Name:	Dusty
Species/Breed:	Horse / Gelding
Date/Time of Incident:	Date: 15/07/2024  Time: 10:45am
Injury Description:	Deep laceration on right hind leg, moderate bleeding observed
First Aid Steps Taken:	Applied pressure to control bleeding Cleaned wound with saline solution Bandaged with sterile dressing
Observations:	Vital signs stable; slight increase in respiration, no signs of severe shock Calm and cooperative behaviour after initial treatment
Referral:	On-call vet Dr. Foster contacted for further assessment and possible stitches.
Staff Member:	Katie Brown

 

Katie’s prompt and careful first aid response exemplified the importance of assessing safety, using appropriate first aid techniques, clear communication, and thorough record-keeping. Through this careful handling, Dusty received the initial care he needed, with arrangements made for further treatment.

 

The following links may be useful to extend your knowledge or support your interest in first techniques for animals.

• Virtual Pet First Aid Workshop (57:55 min)
• First Aid for Pets: How to Prepare for the Unexpected (1:05 hour)
• Pet First Aid
• First Aid for pets, including links to specific factsheets and downloadable checklists
• Pets First Aid- Pets Australia
• RSPCA Australia 
• Vet Med Australia
• Vetfolio 

 

Book 

• "Pet First Aid for Dummies" by Melinda D. Merck
  • This book is a great beginner’s guide for pet first aid, covering key skills such as checking vital signs, managing bleeding, and handling choking incidents. You can purchase the book as an eBook at Barnes & Noble

 

Australian Red Cross Pet First Aid Course

• While primarily available in the U.S., the Red Cross Pet First Aid course offers fundamental skills for handling emergencies with pets, applicable in many settings. The Australian Red Cross also provides pet-focused resources and courses. Visit Australian Red Cross to learn more about available courses.

 

Australian Veterinary Association (AVA)

• The AVA offers various online courses and webinars that sometimes cover pet first aid, including animal handling and emergency care, particularly useful for rural or emergency-focused students. Explore their resources on the AVA website to find current offerings.