Perspectives of diversity

Australia is a diverse community, and our diversity continues to grow and develop over time. Amongst our 24 million strong population, we are home to people who identify with over 270 different ancestries as well as the oldest continuous living culture. By 2016 there were 649,171 people who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin (91% of whom identified as being of Aboriginal origin).

In the period since 1945, over 7 million people have migrated to Australia (Australian Human Rights Commission, Face the facts – Cultural diversity, accessed Nov 14 2019). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, over one quarter of Australians were born overseas, and a further 20% had at least one overseas born parent (ABS, Cultural diversity in Australia, accessed Nov 14, 2019.

Evolving cultures

Cultures do not stay the same; they are constantly evolving and changing. These changes happen as different generations of people grow up within a culture and adapt it to suit the world around them. Sometimes this can cause conflict or challenge, within families and in the broader community. People who have grown up in one country and then moved to Australia may feel differently to their children who were born here. In turn, their children may have experiences and feelings which are quite different to those of their parents.

Understanding diversity

Diversity is a difficult concept to define. Think for a moment about what the word ‘diversity’ means to you. Can you write your own definition?

Diversity refers to differences and variations which exist within a group, and is often used when talking about people who are from different cultural backgrounds. In fact, diversity refers to many characteristics:

Embracing diversity and seeing it as a positive part of Australian society can help create more harmonious relationships between people and groups.. In a community services setting, you are likely to work alongside people from a diverse range of backgrounds. You will also work with clients and carers who are from many different backgrounds, both in direct support roles and in the links you make with family members, caregivers and advocates.

Diversity at work

Ensuring a workplace is a positive, inclusive and welcoming place for everyone to be is not something that happens just by accident. There needs to be deliberate, planned activities and frameworks in place which ensure that:

• Australian and state / territory laws are respected
• Cultural awareness and understanding is achieved
• Diversity is embraced and welcomed
• Diversity is seen as a positive attribute of the workplace
• The workplace goes above and beyond what is legally required

People can be thought about as being ‘diverse’ in many ways – political, social, cultural and economic. Diversity simply means the many ways people are different and unique. Some of the most fundamental differences include:

Diversity across the generations

Many community services settings include people from different age groups. We know that people who are from different age groups may approach tasks and learning experiences quite differently, and may have very different sets of values and ideals. A diverse range of ages in a workplace can contribute a great deal to overall team performance and achievement of business outcomes. Many workplaces utilise the experience and knowledge of older workers as a useful tool for supporting younger workers and providing them with guidance, mentoring and support.

Unfortunately, some workplaces, and community groups and settings, struggle to adequately accommodate and value older people. Discrimination can and does occur which makes it more difficult for older people to find a new job if they become unemployed. Some older community services workers are discriminated against when they apply for promotions or access to other opportunities. Some clients may find their age is a barrier to participation in some community based activities or events.

Diversity in politics

The Australian government, and the state and territory governments, are designed to represent the views, values and needs of the communities they serve. However, the Australian federal parliament is not representative in terms of its actual make up:

• Around 35% of seats across the lower and upper houses are held by women
• Less than 2% of seats across the lower and upper houses are held by indigenous Australians
• 10% of seats across the lower and upper houses are held by people who were born overseas

^{Blakkarly, J, Australia's new parliament is no more multicultural than the last one, SBS Investigations https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australia-s-new-parliament-is-no-more-multicultural-than-the-last-one, accessed 11/12/19}

Diversity parameters

Diversity can apply to many different aspects of Australian society, and can mean different things to different people. Some parameters of diversity are included in the table below:

There are many factors which influence diverse communities of people in Australia. Some of these factors relate to changing demographics within Australia, while others relate to legislation and acceptance and understanding of different cultural practices and ways of life. Some impacts can relate to social, political and economic factors.

Influences on diverse communities

Prior to the arrival of white settlers in Australia, there were already many diverse groups of people who lived across the country. For over 60,000 years, there were a large number of different social, tribal and language groups of Aboriginal people who lived throughout Australia. The years post 1788 saw movements of groups of people from a range of countries who came to live in Australia, initially either as convicts or free settlers. Many of these early arrivals were from the United Kingdom, and they were soon joined by migrants from other countries including China and Europe as events including the Gold Rush of the mid to late 1800s, World War 1 and 2, and the Vietnam and Korean Wars had an impact on the movement of people around the world.

Influences on diverse communities included:

• Circumstances related to their reasons for migration, such as seeking refuge or arriving on a temporary protection visa
• Experiences in their home country
• Maintenance of traditions and customs from home country
• Relationship between first and second generation migrants
• Acceptance of changing views and values over time
• Desire to relate to people from within own cultural or language group
• Desire for new ways of life and changing cultural practices

Often there was an uneasy tension between the traditional ways of life and the desire to forge new customs and ways of behaving, and interacting with others. Sometimes conflict arose within family homes and in the broader community, as each new wave of migrants battled with maintaining dual identities and ways of life.

Social, political and economic factors

Changing aspects of diversity have affected many aspects of social, political and economic life in Australia. This table shows how each of these issues can have a practical impact on people in the Australian community, and how they can have a protective effect or can increase the risk of harm to a person.

Changing practices of diverse communities

Within a culture, people hold many different practices which are important to them and they may not share the same practices.. Just because two people have the same cultural background does not mean they will adopt or keep the same practices.

Practices which might change over time include:

• Changing availability of foods and eating customs
• Religious and spiritual activities
• Festivals and celebrations
• Different languages being spoken in schools, workplaces and in family homes
• Different views on democracy, government systems and laws
• Clothing and presentation
• Educational ideas, access to education and systems of teaching and learning
• The role of men and women in decision making practices with a family and wider community

Diversity practices and experiences have the ability to affect all aspects of a person’s functioning and experiences.

Here are some of the ways that diversity practices can affect a person who is living in Australia:

Example

Joe is a client who receives support from an outreach program. He is originally from Saudi Arabia and holds firm views about the role of men and women in society. He finds it challenging when he discovers his new case manager is a woman who is younger than he is.

News and social media

The way that people from diverse backgrounds are portrayed in the media can have a significant effect on their experiences. News and social media can promote a mostly positive or mostly negative image of people and communities, depending upon the imagery and language that is chosen. This can be rapidly shared through social media platforms and across news networks, perpetuating and reinforcing concepts of diversity with a wide range of people.

News and social media can have an impact on how diverse views and values are represented, and in who has access to information. Lots of our news content is online and this is often the best way to access information or updates. For people who are not capable users of technology, this can create a barrier to information which affects their ability to interact and participate in society. For example, some older people are less able to access social media platforms or stay up to date with news stories. This can mean they are less able to participate in forums, make political or social comments on the things that affect their daily lives, or make their views known on topics.

Issues affecting Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures

There are many issues that affect people from Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures. These include issues related to social, political and economic factors. Some factors are protective, while others are risk factors. Protective factors have a positive influence while risk factors are those which increase the chance of harm or negative outcomes.

This table shows you some of the issues which may affect people who identify as being Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander:

Stereotypes

A stereotype means having an idea about how someone will speak or behave based on your own views and values about their characteristics. Stereotypes can lead to discrimination, either directly or indirectly. For example, there is a stereotype about Aboriginal people, that they do not want to work or will refuse to take a job when one is offered to them. Addressing stereotypes is one of the challenges of working in community services.

Example

Barbara works in an outreach program for people who have a mental illness. One day, she visits a client who tells her she feels she is being discriminated against because of her background. The client is a Djargurd Wurrung woman and she says she has been denied access to a sporting group in her community. The reason she has been given is because the group is full, but she knows there are other non indigenous people who have recently been able to join the group. She tells Barbara the sporting group seems to hold the stereotypical view that Aboriginal women don’t play sport and join sporting groups.

Many workplaces use trainers from outside the organisation to help build awareness and skills within their workforce to help them operate more effectively and appropriately. Many workplaces build cultural competence training into their Reconciliation Plan.

Cultural competence training in relation to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures can include:

• Information and perspectives about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures
• Understanding of the impact of history and trauma
• Welcome to country and acknowledgement of country
• Meetings, discussions and interactions
• Messaging and building trust over time
• Building a competent workforce
• Terminology and effective use of language
• Embedding cultural competence into the frameworks, policies and actions of the workplace as a whole
• Addressing issues and challenges

Cultural competence training is best delivered by people who have the knowledge and skills to do so, and who know about issues and challenges which in your own local area.

Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an important document which recognises the inherent human rights of all people, regardless of who they are or where they live. The declaration covers the right to free speech, the right to education, health, life, social and economic security, and human dignity. Australia ratified the convention in 2008, and was one of the first Western countries to do so.

Australia has a strong system of legal protection to protect their human rights.

Federal legislation

Federal legislation applies throughout Australia and protects the rights of people to be treated equally in their work, daily activities and within the broader community. Federal legislation includes:

• Equal Opportunity Act 2010
• Disability Discrimination Act 1992
• Racial Discrimination Act 1975
• Sex Discrimination Act 1984

These acts make it unlawful to discriminate against a person on the basis of actual or perceived age, gender, disability or race.

For example, a sporting club cannot deny access to a person because of their race or ethnic background. A restaurant cannot tell a woman she is not allowed to breastfeed a baby in public. These are both examples of discrimination.

Human needs and human rights

It can be difficult to decide what the differences are between ‘needs’ and ‘rights’. We often talk about ‘needs’ as being things like food, water and shelter. However, how do these things compare with something like education or access to communication technology? Are these needs or are they rights? Or do they fall somewhere in between?

In Australia, everyone has the same rights and these are protected by Australian laws. However, people often have quite different needs. One way of thinking about these needs is to use a framework called ‘Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs’.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a tool used to describe the basic needs of all humans. It can be applied to work in community services and is a useful way of thinking about the supports and assistance that are offered to a client. Maslow’s hierarchy begins with the lowest levels and works upwards towards the apex of the pyramid. Maslow proposed that the lower levels must be filled first before the upper levels.

Employers, workers and clients all have particular rights and responsibilities in the workplace. In the areas of diversity relating to culture, age, disability, sexuality and gender, there are many different rights and responsibilities which apply. For example, an employer has a responsibility to provide a non discriminatory workplace and a community services worker has a right to be treated with dignity and respect during a home visit.

Examples of rights in relation to diversity include:

• The right to be listened to and treated with respect and dignity
• The right to work and be in a workplace which accepts and values people as individuals
• The right to a strong system of policies and procedures which are communicated and enforced
• The right to appeal decisions, and have complaints heard and acted upon
• The right to work in a place which is free from bullying, harassment and intimidation
• The right to receive education and training regarding diversity and culture
• The right to attend to the requirements of cultural and religious practices

Examples of responsibilities in relation to diversity include:

• The responsibility to follow and comply with legislation, policies, procedures and directions from managers or supervisors
• The responsibility to behave and interact in a way which is polite, respectful and appropriate
• The responsibility to learn about the cultural and linguistic needs of a client and their family
• The responsibility to follow lawful instructions provided by a manager or supervisor
• The responsibility to work with clients in a way that is fair, equitable and respectful

Taking action

In a community services workplace, there is a lot that people can do to take action on diversity. This means doing more than simply following the laws. It means thinking about the positive steps that can go above and beyond what the law requires. For example, taking action could mean meeting with Aboriginal elders in your local community, visiting people in a place where they feel safe and comfortable or making connections with community leaders. There are many ways to take action in your own workplace.

Bullying in the workplace

Bullying is one type of action which can happen in a workplace which is definitely not OK!. Bullying involves systematic, repeated actions or words which harm, intimidate, belittle or degrade another person. Bullying is not acceptable in the workplace and immediate and effective action must be taken.

In Victoria, ‘Brodie’s Law’ was established in 2011 following the tragic suicide of a young woman following relentless bullying at her work in a café in Hawthorn. The law makes it a criminal offence to commit serious bullying in a workplace.

Watch

Go online and visit the website for Brodie’s Law Foundation. Find the video links and choose one or more videos to watch so you can learn more about how and why the law was established in Victoria.

Discrimination

Discrimination means making an unfair decision made based on a characteristic of a person, such as having a disability or being from a particular race or gender. In Australia, discrimination is against the law.. In a workplace, it is important that everyone understands discrimination laws and how they protect people from discrimination.

Direct discrimination is easy to identify, and often involves clear statements which show bias or preference of one group of people or individual over another.

Indirect discrimination is more challenging to identify.,. Indirect discrimination relates to systemic, large scale mechanisms that make it more likely that a particular person or group of people will be favoured over another. For example, indirect discrimination occurs when a person who has dyslexia is unable to respond effectively to a job advertisement which has been written in overly complex and abstract language rather than in straight forward, easy to read Plain English.

Indirect discrimination still infringes the rights of people in a workplace, and it should always be addressed.

Making changes in the workplace

Workplaces can use many different tools to reduce the discrimination or bullying. These includes:

• Policies – clear statements which identify appropriate and inappropriate behaviours and the position of the workplace as a whole, as well as who is responsible for actions
• Procedures – clear action statements about what to do in a situation
• Vision statements – overall direction and values of the organisation so that policies and procedures can link with what the organisation values
• Training –training and guidance to build skills and knowledge in areas where rights may be infringed or to increase awareness of the responsibilities of individuals and work teams
• Mentoring – support from a more experienced worker to provide guidance and direction to a newer worker while they are first learning their job
• Induction – the time when a new worker is learning about the workplace, where documents, policy frameworks and responsibility and accountability can be explained

Example

Melanie has just begun working for a disability support agency as an in home worker. She attends an induction program to learn about the policies and procedures of her job. She works alongside another, more experienced worker for the first week so she can learn ‘on the job’ skills before she begins visiting clients on her own.

Now it's your turn

1. Go online and see if you can research your local area and find out how many cultural ethic groups there are.
2. Reflect and consider what diversity means to you
3. How might you learn about another person's culture?